federalist era

bill of rights

first 10 amendments of the constitution. lists freedoms that new federal government couldn't take away. supported by jefferson.

judiciary act of 1789

establishes and organizes federal court system.

public debt

money owed by national and state governments. $80 million overall with 2/3 owed by national.

foreign debts

money owed to home and abroad. will be paid off immediately.

state debts

money owed by states.

washington, DC

new capital of the united states after philadelphia. was established to get southerners to agree to most of hamilton's plan.

protective tariff

tax on imports manufactured in europe. protects american goods so the industry grows.

excise tax

sales tax on whiskey.

bank of the united states

national bank established by hamilton.

how much of the national bank was owned by the federal government?

20%

why was the national bank controversial?

doe not ay in the constitution there should be a national bank. madison and jefferson agreed since they had a strict interpretation of the constitution. hamilton didn't since the constitution said congress could lay and collect taxes and borrow money.

what was the job of the national bank

issue money and facilitate business growth.

farewell address

washington's parting words to the country in 1796 where he announced he wouldn't serve a president again.

farewell address contents

urged u.s. to stay neutral and 'steer clear of permanent alliances' with other nations. temporary ones were ok, but only in extreme emergencies. also warns against political parties.

sectionalism

placing the interests of one region ahead of the welfare of the nation as a whole. washington's biggest fears.

3 sections of the united states

north, middle, and south.

XYZ affair

french naval vessels began seizing american merchantmen, so adams sent a three-man team to negotiate with them. france wanted 240K but america didn't want to pay that, allowing the french to continue seizing their merchantment.

XYZ aftermath

americans upset becaude the french are demanding a lot of money.
'millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.'

barbary pirates

group the u.s. was paying millions in tribute to as they had been plundering and blackmailing merchant ships in the mediterranean.

alien and sedition acts

4 measures pushed through congress by high federalists to crush criticism against adams during the war.

alien laws

1. residence requirement raised from 4 to 15 years.
2. president has power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country (alien act).
3. president in wartime could jail aliens at his pleasure (alien enemies act).

sedition act

provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition.

sedition

speaking or writing with intent to defame...or bring into contempt or disrepute the president or other members of the government.

kentucky + virginia resolutions

sets of reolutions by jefferson (kentucy) and madison (virginia) that appealed the alien+sedition acts. denounced them as unconstitutional and states had the power to say when the agreement (constitutional) had been violated.

nullification

the declaring of something illegal and void. challenged federal power.

jefferson believed states had the right to nullify any federal act within its borders if it thought the act was unconstitutional.

things washington needed to take care of once in office

create bureaucracy to carry laws, provide for a judicial system, and raise money for operating expenses + pay off country's debt.

how many amendments were submitted and how many were defeated? what amendments were defeated?

12 submitted and 2 defeated. dealing with congressmen salaries and congressional reapportionment (population would get too big).

freedoms in bill of rights

- religion, speech, press, right to assemble peacefully with other persons + petition federal government to correct wrongs.
- authorities obtain warrant from judge before searching/seizing any properties.
- provides for trial by jury + prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment.
- right to refuse to testify against themselves.

judiciary act of 1789

- established supreme court with chief justice + five associate justice and 16 federal courts.
- provided for prosecuting attorneys and marshals.
- right to refuse to testify against themselves.

washington's cabinet.

state (jefferson): deal with foreign affairs
war (knox): handle military matters
treasury (hamilton): habdle financial problems
attorney general: edmund randolph

government bonds

certificates issued by a government that promises to repay a loan with interest. soldiers received this instead of hard cash, and this contributed to the debt.

what contributed to the public debt?

government bonds, states owed money to private citizens, and the continental+confederation congress borrowed money from france, the netherlands, and spain.

hamilton's domestic debt plan

funding (the method of getting money by borrowing it). federal government would issue new bonds for old ones that were issued by the continental+confederation congress.

who disagreed with hamilton's funding plan?

james madison because he thought it was unfair the old prices would fall, and poor people would sell it for $25 to the rich people, who would then receive $100.

why did hamilton not mind the unfairness within his funding plan?

support from the wealthy would help the government, as they would want it to succeed.

assuming state debts

southern states were upset they had to help northern states with debts, so in 1800, the federal government moved the capital from philly to washington d.c.

how come the south had already paid off their debts?

they had a huge cash crop in cotton.

bank notes

paper money that banks could issue. established in various cities.

what did the national bank do?

handled tax receipts other government money.
notes wit h equal value across nation so citizens of different states can perform business with each other quicker. help cement national union.

why were southerners upset with the national bank?

it would make northern merchants richer, not farmers

response to the whiskey tax

famers in western pennsylvania refused to pay it beat up federal marshals in pittsburgh and threatened to secde from union.

why did hamilton want those in the south to riot?

the federal government could show power without help fro the state. 15k militiamen+ washington (led troops) + hamilton scattered rebels without a loss of life.

federalists vs. republicans

federalists thought like hamilton. republicans thought like jefferson.

hamilton's idea of the nation

powerful nation balancing on agriculture, trade, finance, manufacturing. no encouragement of farming. gain support from financial leaders. rich, educated, well-born were all who mattered, as they had more to lose if there was an unstable government.

jefferson's idea of the nation

city life corrupted people through ignorance and poverty. weak central, but strong state government. viewed american nation as land of small independent farmers and educated leaders working together in perfect harmony.

gazette of united states

pre-1791. only newspaper specialized in national policies pre-1791. editor was a hamiltonian (john fenno)

national gazette

editor was poet philip freneau. criticized hamilton's policies.

hamilton's three goals with the whiskey tax.

1. discourage whiskey.
2. make small farmers in south salty.
3. crush rebellion to show the power of the federal government.

john adams

friend of strong government and enemy of radical experiments in france.

why did the federalists chose pinckney over hamilton as adam's vp

hamilton couldn't control adams and is unpopular/controversil. adams had suspicions on hamilton.

what started the XYZ affair?

france felt betrayed by jay's treaty. government refused to receive u.s. new ambassador.

who were the targets of the alien and sedition acts?

adam's oppositions, including french and great british radicals, and irish immigrants.

12th amendment

electors can cast separate ballots for president and vp..

john marshall

named chief justice of court by adams. handed down federalist interpretations i the supreme law of the land.

foreign affairs become troublesome

new government faced old problems with gb and indians over land claims in the northwest territory. spain claimed land west of app. mountains and south of ohio river.

french revolution affects on america (at first)

americans felt their liberties spread to europe. changed street names.

republicans vs federalists: france war with great britain

republicans: france helped us. cheered for republicanism and against british monarchy.

federalists: u.s. had no choice but to support britain.

declaration of neutraliry

issued by washington. stated that the united states would support neither side in conflict.

edmond genet+ genet's mission

minister from new french republic who undermined u.s. neutrality.

results of genet's mission

showed a lack of respect for the u.s. was rejected, feared for hid life so stayed in america.

hamilton called him a 'burned-out comet'

the british ignore american neutrality

u.s. had the right to carry nonmilitary goods to ports of warring nations, but the british seized american vessels in large numbers and took overboth crews and cargoes in caribbean sea.

john jay

experienced diplomat who was earlier appointed as first chief justice of supreme court.

jay's treaty

instructed to gain concessions from gb on neutral shipping. if unsuccessful, get other neutral powers in europe and form alliances.

british: agreed to evacuate posts in northwest territory and can continue fur-trade with indians on american side of canadian-united states border. could seize neutral ships in certain waters.

what did washington receive while jay was gone?

offer from sweden and denmark. hamilton convinced him to say no and told the gb ambassador in an attempt to show the u.s. loyalty to gb. the gb ambassador told the gb negotiators.

reactions to jay's treaty

americans mad, but the senate still ratified it by 2/3 majority.

pinckney's treaty

government in madrid grew worried about possible joint british-american action against louisiana territory.

spain: gave up claims to all lands east of mississippi river and north of florida. recognized 31st parallel as northern boundary of florida. agreed to open mississippi river to american traffic. both could freely navigate mississippi river through spain.

league of nations

4/6 joined forces with the british. 2/6 (oneidad and tuscaroras) supported america.

combined british+indian troops led series of raids on american frontier settlements. in response, general john sullivan burned indian villages and cornfields.

treaty of paris of 1783

gb gave u.s. title to land between app. mountains and mississippi river.

treaty of paris of 1783 indian and american negotiations

these lands belonged to indians. the indians wanted the u.s. to negotiate with them directly. the u.s. sent an army led by general josiah harman that was defeated by miami warrior little turtle.

'mad anthony' wayne

general who washington chose to replace josiah harman. scared little turtle.

treaty of greenville

annual payment of 10k, miami gave up most land (present day ohio and chicago).

miami confederacy

confederacy of indians. located in the midwest (present day ohio, illinois, and indiana)