APHUG UNIT 3

popular culture

Found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits (such as wearing jeans) despite differences in other personal characteristics. Relatively uniform across space but rapidly changes over time- "fads"

folk culture

Traditionally practiced primarily by small homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas and may include a custom such as wearing a sarong in Malaysia or a sari in India. Cultural practices of everyday existence in the traditional societies in which they developed. Reflects the local environment.

syncretism

blending of cultures and ideas from different places

acculturation

Adoption of a different culture (often the dominant one)

assimilation

Having people conform with the customs, attitudes etc. of an existing group

taboo

restriction on behavior imposed by a social custom. These start because people refuse to eat certain plants and animals that are thought to embody negative forces in the environment. Ex. Muslims not eating pork

dialects

geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary from the parent form Ex. English in U.S. vs. London, English in South and North

isogloss

word-usage boundary, boundary lines of different words coalesce in some locations to form regions

standard language

Dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education and mass communication. Ex. British Received Pronunciation

language family

a collection of many languages, all which came from the same original tongue long ago, but have since evolved different characteristics Ex. Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan

language branch

Further division from family to group, set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics Ex. Romance languages

language group

When everyone starts to have one mass global culture

official language

language in which all government business occurs and is established by a country

multilingual state

Country that has multiple official languages such as Belgium or Canada

lingua franca

language of international communication (often to facilitate trade). Ex. English

pidgin

new language with some characteristics of at least two languages, which occurs when two groups with different languages meet Ex. Spanglish

creole

pidgin language that evolves to the point at which it become the primary language. Ex. Haitian and French have versions of this

language extinction

language is no longer in use by living people. Ex. Colonialism in Africa, America etc. destroyed some languages

universalizing religion

religions that seek to unite, attempt to be global and appeal to all, often want to spread so they have missionaries Ex. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism. Divided into branches, denominations and sects

ethnic religion

Religions that appeal primarily to one group of people, living in one place, more spiritually bound to particular regions. Ex. Hinduism, Judaism

religious branch

eating pork

Large and fundamental division within a religion

religious denomination

a division of a religious branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body

religious sect

relatively small religious group that has broken away from an established denomination

ethnocentrism

Use your own culture as the center/correct culture and evaluate all other cultures based on that

cultural relativism

Refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right, wrong, strange or normal. Instead we should try to understand the cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context

fundamentalism

literal interpretation and strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion (goes against current global culture)

ethnicity

group of people who share a common identity and cultural traditions of a hearth

race

identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor

nationality

identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country

nation-state

territory corresponds to that occupied by an ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality Ex. Denmark

self-determination

ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

centripetal force

force that tends to unify people within a state and enhance support for a state. Ex Star- Spangled Banner, 9/11

ethnic cleansing

effort to rid a country or region of every one of a particular ethnicity through forced migration or genocide. Ex Yugoslavia, Rwanda

cultural landscape

combinations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, and other expressions of culture including traditional and postmodern architecture and land-use patterns

land-use patterns

How different groups of people use the land that they reside on, including commercial, residential, agricultural, transportation, etc

sequent occupancy

Land is affected by every group of people that historically or currently live on land

cultural convergence

When everyone starts to have one mass global culture

cultural divergence

When people leave their own culture to adopt practices of another

multiculturalism

Cultural pluralism or diversity within a society

ethnic neighborhood

An area (often in a city) where one ethnicity primarily resides

gender inequality index

Measures a country's loss of achievement due to gender inequality, based on reproductive health, employment and general empowerment

gendered space

Areas that are mainly reserved for one gender or another in a culture

hierarchical diffusion

the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

relocation diffusion

is the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

contagious diffusion

is the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

stimulus diffusion

is the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

example of hierarchical diffusion

Beyonce starts wearing a certain shirt and some other people start wearing the shirt

example of contagious diffusion

The spread of the Spanish Flu across Europe

example of relocation diffusion

The spread of Spanish and French to the United States

example of stimulus diffusion

The spread of paper money to all parts of the globe, but each type of paper money is unique

example of reverse hierarchical diffusion

Walmart being made in rural Arkansas and spreading all over the world from there

what type of diffusion would folk culture spread by?

relocation diffusion

what type of diffusion would popular culture spread by?

hierarchical, contagious

where does folk culture generally originate?

unknown hearths in the physical environment

where does popular culture originate?

in MDCs, in large cities

example of folk culture

traditional native american clothing, sari in india

example of popular culture

jeans, listening to migos

What is the difference between a language family, branch, and group?

Language family consists of languages with historical roots that go the farthest back, then branches are similar languages that are not quite as far back as families and branch off of families, then groups are similar languages from more recent history that branch off of branches.

What language family has the most speakers in the world?

Indo-European

What language has the most speakers in the world?

Mandarin Chinese

What is the difference between a universalizing and ethnic religion?

Universalizing religion is a religion that seeks to unite, attempts to be global and appeal to all, often want to spread so they have missionaries vs. an ethnic religion which is a religions that appeals primarily to one group of people, living in one place, more spiritually bound to particular regions.

Which universalizing religion has the most followers?

Christianity

Which ethnic religion has the most followers?

Hinduism

what type of religion is baha'i?

Universalizing

what type of religion is shintoism?

Ethnic

what type of religion is daoism?

ethnic

what type of religion is confucianism?

ethnic

what type of religion is sikhism?

Universalizing

what type of religion is Christianity Protestant Branch

Universalizing

what type of religion is Christianity Roman Catholic Branch

Universalizing

what type of religion is Christianity Eastern Orthodox Branch

Universalizing

what type of religion is Islam Sunni Branch

Universalizing

what type of religion is Islam Shia Branch

Universalizing

what type of religion is Animism

Ethnic

what type of religion is Hinduism

Ethnic

what type of religion is Buddhism

Universalizing

what type of religion is Judaism

Ethnic

where is baha'i located?

Middle East

where is shintoism located?

Japanese

where is daosim located?

Chinese

where is confucianism located?

Chinese

where is sikhism located?

India (North)

where is Christianity Protestant Branch located?

Northern Europe, North America

where is Christianity Roman Catholic Branch located?

Western Europe, Latin America, parts of North America

where is Christianity Eastern Orthodox Branch located?

Eastern Europe, some of Central Asia

where is Islam Sunni Branch located?

Middle East, North Africa, Indonesia

where is Islam Shia Branch located?

iran

where is Animism located?

Throughout Africa, Latin America, Asia, Artic

where is hindusim located?

India

where is Buddhism located?

South Asia, SE Asia, E Asia

where is Judaism located?

Israel, US, Europe

What is the difference between ethnicity and race?

Ethnicity is a group of people who share a common identity and cultural traditions of a hearth and race is an identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor.

What is the difference between ethnicity and nationality?

Ethnicity is a group of people who share a common identity and cultural traditions of a hearth and Nationality is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country.

In contrast to folk culture, popular culture is more likely to vary

from time to time at a given place.

When we analyze the patterns of popular culture in our surroundings, we can surmise that

nodes of innovation are central to the process of hierarchical diffusion.

The diffusion of jeans is a good example primarily of the

diffusion of popular culture.

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom is a

taboo

The trend of globalization has threatened

folk culture more than popular culture.

A lingua franca is

a language understood by people who have different native languages.