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penicillin
example of

cephalosporin
example of

carbapenem
example of

- amide
- stability
- breadth of spectrum
_______ is attached to nitrogen on beta-lactam ring which is critical for ______ and ______
methicillin
first semi-synthetic penicillin approved for clinical use resistant to penicillinase
electron withdrawing groups
_______ groups can be added to penicillins to make them better absorbed in acid
steric bulk
increasing ______ adjacent to amide in beta-lactam makes it more resistant to beta-lactamase
- fungus
- fungus
- bacteria
penicillin was found in....
cephalosporin was found in...
carbapenem was found in....
- amine
- dimer
______ of carbapenems was a problem for stability, and was able to form ______
cap
amines of carbapenems needed _____ for stability