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Egalitarian Millenarianism
Belief in communal living to hasten a Golden Age.
Sir Thomas More's Utopia
Novel advocating no class or ownership society.
Comte de Saint-Simon
First form of socialism; historical process advocate. Marx criticizes his belief that people would cooperate in a non-violent manner
Étienne Cabet
Coined 'communism' in 1840; created intentional communities.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Father of Anarchism; property is death. Coined scientific socialism. Did not argue for revolutionary struggle
Charles Fourier
Proposed intentional communities for communal living.(la reunion)
Robert Owen
Experimented with socialistic communities; introduced 40-hour work week.
Hegel's Influence on Marx
Philosophy of Geist; collective knowledge evolves. Hegel influenced Marx's idea of historical materialism since Hegel claimed that history and reality should be viewed dialectically.
Marx's Stages of Human Development
Primitive communism—Ancient society—-feudal society—-bourgeois society—lower communist society—-high communist society
Karl Marx
Philosopher; co-authored Communist Manifesto in 1848.
Communist Manifesto
Pamphlet urging proletariats to unite against bourgeoise. "" Working men of all countries unite."
Scientific Socialism
Governance based on reason, not will. It is a political doctrine and movement based on scientific principles rather than abstract ideals.
Historical Materialism
-The concept that human societies and their cultural institutions are the outgrowth of collective economic activity.
Mikhail Bakunin
Anarchist opposing Marx; critical of centralized power. Did not agree with the proletarian dictatorship
Anarchism vs. Marxism
Opposing goals; anarchism rejects state authority. Anarchism resembles more of a libertarian pov.
Modernization Theory
Urbanization leads to democratization; explains communism's collapse.
Communism vs. Socialism
Communism requires revolution; socialism allows gradual change.
Vladimir Lenin
- revolutionary change could be driven by conscious human will and action, rather than waiting for historical or economic conditions to naturally evolve.
-Vanguardism:Political party would lead the way for the proletarian revolution
-Critiqued imperialism: Believed there was an imperialism society stage between 4 and 5 the stages of human development by Marx
Voluntarism
Mao's concept of people taking action for change.
Democratic Centralism
Communism's political system prioritizing party unity. free discussion within the party should be tolerated and even encouraged up to a point, but, once a vote was taken, all discussion had to end.
Eduard Bernstein
Started the revolutionist camp of marxism. "The final goal is nothing to me, the movement is everything."
Rosa Luxemburg
Criticized lack of democracy in socialism. Argued that credit and imperialism were a sign of capitalism's weakness. First to develop a Marxist theory in a truly global scope
Leon Trotsky
Developed the concept of soviet as a governing institution. Developed theory of permanent revolution;
Permanent Revolution
We don't need bourgeois society in the stages of development. A country's revolutionary progress depended on a continuing progress of revolution in other countries.
Joseph Stalin
Introduced "socialism in one country"; A blueprint for industrialisation under a planned economy
A blueprint for mass collectivisation of agriculture.
Socialism in One Country
building up the industrial base and military might of the Soviet Union before exporting revolution abroad.
Marxism-Leninism
Stalin's adaptation of Marxist theory.
Mao Zedong
Promoted guerrilla proletariat warfare and class struggle continues during the lower communist society.
The Mass Line
-(1)Collect ideas from the people (the "raw" ideas).
(2) Process and refine those ideas into policies based on Marxist principles.
(3) Bring the refined policies back to the people for implementation.
Walking on Two Legs
Balanced development of agriculture and industry.
The Politburo
Key policymaking committee in the Communist Party.
Communist Party Function
1.Set goals for society
2.ensuring that said goals were reached
3.Socialize the population
4.Recruitment/nomenklatura system
5.A linkage between itself and society
The Nomenklatura System
Communist Party apparatus controls
the choice of personnel for hundreds of thousands of posts, a large proportion of
them formally elective, in every sphere of national life, and at all levels from the
central government down to the village soviets.
Civil Society
Independent organizations permitted by the state.
Apparatchik
A loyal and obedient member of a political organization or party
Professional functionary of the Communist Party
State Farms vs. Collective Farms
State farms owned by state; collective allows private plots.
Advantages of Central Planning
Stability, low prices, and low unemployment.
Disadvantages of Central Planning
Priority was given to certain groups, Complexity, distorted prices, and lack of incentives, lack of environmental protection
Why Communism Lasted
Eastern European Countries: Wouldnt have started or lasted as long without the Soviet
"Third World Communism": Asia, Latin America and Africa
Received hella aid from Soviets
Some Collpased along with the Soviets, others are still communist
The Soviet Union
"True Communist" - The really believed!
They had effective instruments for control: the nomenklatura system
They were a superpower
Satellite States
Independent states under heavy Soviet influence.
Comecon
Council for economic cooperation among communist states.
Brezhnev Doctrine
Soviet right and duty to intervene in other states.
Prague Spring
1968 reform movement in Czech crushed by Soviet intervention.
Solidarity & Lech Wałęsa
Anti-authoritarian movement leading to Poland's democracy.
Perestroika
"restructuring "
De-centralizing economic structure for efficiency
Glasnost'
"openness "
Free speech and press, backfired to criticisms against him and his party
New Political Thinking
Advocated dialogue with the West.
Sinatra Doctrine
Non-intervention in Eastern European affairs. Decreased sphere of influence
Warsaw Pact
Military alliance of communist states in Europe.
Refolution
Reforms that eventually lead to a systematic change
Theory of Rising Expectations
Explains revolutions based on unmet societal expectations.
Situation and Outcome Theory
Conditions necessary for successful revolution.
Legitimation Crisis Theory
State's legitimacy derived from people's acceptance.
Realistic Socialism
Official cultural doctrine of the Soviet Union that mandated an idealized representation of life under socialism
Velvet Revolution
Non-violent transition to democracy in Czechoslovakia.
SDI(Star Wars)
US initiative to counter Soviet missile threats.
socialism
Evolution - doesn't need to be violent
State-owned means of production
Allows for variation in income "according to ability"
Communism
Revolution - must be violent
Communally owned means of production
No variation in income, creation of class
Ussr as an empire
Imperial overstretch can be accredited to their collapse.
The Society was not technically an empire although much military spending in Eastern Europe
Soviet was not an empire because other states did not bring resources back to "the mother country"
