droit de remonstrance
parlement’s right to object to sovereign’s decisions
seigneurial/feudal system
system where farmers pay rent to a powerful landowner in exchange for land and protection
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droit de remonstrance
parlement’s right to object to sovereign’s decisions
seigneurial/feudal system
system where farmers pay rent to a powerful landowner in exchange for land and protection
bourgeois
‘town dweller’, often wealthier
tithe
paid to church, 10% of income
corvee
unpaid labour tax of peasants to feudal lord
taille
land tax
lettre de cachet
royal order for exile or imprisonment
capitation
population tax on each person
seigneur
powerful landowner with control over an area
parlement
courts which registered, managed and/or challenged laws
pays d’etat
provinces with some level of self-government, such as separate legal system and rights
venal position
a government/noble position bought by wealthy bourgeois to gain privilege
Enlightenment
european intellectual movement in C18th emphasising reason over tradition/religion
peasant
lives in countryside, relies on farming
generalites
administrative divisions of France
indirect taxes
imposed on goods, collected by ‘tax farmers’
First Estate
catholic clergy
absolute monarch
has complete, unrestricted power
don gratuit
voluntary gift paid from church to king
sovereign
supreme ruler
divine right
belief that a ruler’s power is granted by god
Second Estate
aristocrats — wealthy and privileged nobles
vingtieme
tax of 5% to government when extra money was needed (eg war) — 2nd and 3rd
ancien regime
the way France was governed before the revolution
Third Estate
commoners, including bourgeois, urban workers, and peasants
lit de justice
king’s visit to parlement, forces it to comply/register the law
banalites
tax paid by peasants for use of lord’s mill, oven, wine press, etc
feudal dues
dues to lord to rent farms — 3-25% of income
constitution
document outlining government structure and limiting sovereign’s/government’s power
separation of powers
legislative (making laws)/executive (passing laws)/judiciary (deciding if the law has been broken)
separation of church and state
no divine right rule
no state religion (ancien regime had catholicism)
no laws made by the church
Montesquieu ideas
separation of powers
against absolute government as despotism emerges
Montesquieu key quote - separation of powers
“When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty.”
Voltaire ideas
separation of church and state, religious toleration
freedom of speech
no tolerance of the intolerant
Voltaire key quote - freedom of thought
“Each citizen is to be permitted to believe and to think that which his reason rightly or wrongly dictates.”
Voltaire key quote - freedom of speech
“I disapprove of what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Voltaire quote - freedom of religion
“No priest should ever have the power to take from a citizen the least prerogative under the pretext that the citizen is a sinner.”
Rosseau ideas
born free and equal
social contract with government by common will
laws for liberty and equality
Rosseau key quote - lack of freedom in society
“Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they.”
Legislative power
Making/creating laws
Executive power
Approving/passing laws
Judiciary power
Deciding if the law has been broken /(enforcing laws)