Term ID's Lesson 10-13

Fort Sumter, South Carolina

The place where the first shots of the Civil War were fired.

Haymarket Square Riot

A violent labor strike outside of the McCormick Reaper Factory in Chicago in 1886.

Battle of Little Bighorn

Marked a turning point in the Western Indian Wars, the death of Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer led the U.S. government to intensify efforts against Native resistance

Pullman Strike

Nationwide railroad worker strike becuase of wage cuts without a reduction in the cost of living.

Homestead Strike

Labor dispute between the carnegie steel company workers and the company management at the Homestead plant in Pennsylvania. A planned wage reduction led to a strike that then became a bloody confrontation

Henry Bessemer

English bullet maker that created the process to make cheap steel in England

Henry Ford

American that revolutionized the mass production of automobiles near Detroit, Michigan

Andrew Carnegie

Steel tycoon that brought steel production to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

J.P. Morgan

Became a major tycoon after the purchase of Vanderbilt and Carnegie’s companies. America’s first billion dollar industry. Huge financer.

John D. Rockefeller

Oil tycoon that controlled the Standard Oil Company in Cleveland, Ohio

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Railroad tycoon that controlled the Grand Central from New York to Chicago

Ida B. Wells

African American woman that was a leader of the anti-lynching campaign during the Jim Crow Era. She also helped to organize the NACCP.

Booker T. Washington

Key African American leader that promoted agriculutre and vocational education for African Americans. He was remembered for his “Atalnta Compromise” speech in 1895.

W.E.B. DuBois

Key African American leader that promoted African American equality and was the author of the “Soul of Black Folk”. Also the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard.

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. President responsible for the New Freedom program and the U.S. entry into WWI

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive Era president (26th U.S. president) responsible for the Square Deal, and helped Panama gain their indepdence from Colombia.

Samuel Gompers

The cigar maker and leader of the American Federation of Labor

John Hay

Secretary of State that was responsible for the “Open Door Policy” to open trade in China

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A fire killed 146 garment workers, mostly young immigrant women, due to locked exits and poor saftey conditions. It led to widespread public outcry and reforms in workplace safety regulations.

William Howard Taft

U.S. President that busted trusts but also passed along the Imperialistic Dollar Dipomacy

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Outlawed price fixing and closed the loopholes from the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austrian Archduke that was assasinated in 1914 to start WWI

First Red Scare

A period in the US following WWI, marked by widespread fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies. People suspect of being communists or anarchists were targeted by the government through mass arrest or deportations.

National Child Labor Committee

An organiziation that worked to end child labor and establish free education for children.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the US, led the nation through the Civil War and defeated the Confederacy. Assasinated by John Wilkes Booth.

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point battle of the Civil War in Pennsylvania

Dawes Severalty Acts

Passed to assimilate Native Americans. Led to individual land grants given to Native Americans to break up tribes and led to the establishment of schools to assimilate Native American children.

Homestead Act (1862)

1862 Act that allowed people to buy cheap land in the west after the Civil War

Interstate Commerce Commission

An early attempt to regulate the railroads, created by Grover Cleveland. Cost Cleveland his bid for reelection.

Pendleton Act (1883)

Passed in 1883 to limit patronage (or the spoils system) in U.S. government jobs

Zimmerman Note

The name of the secret telergam that was sent from Germany to Mexico in January of 1912 that encouraged Mexico to invade the US. A signficant factor that helped pull the US into WWI.

George Washington Carver

African American innovator and head of the Agriculture Department at Tuskegee

Battle of Vicksburg

Turning point battle of the Civil War in Mississippi

Compromise of 1877

An informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 Presidental election. Hayes was given the White House with the understanding that he would remove the federal troops from South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana.

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who was the author of ‘The Jungle’

Jane Addams

Progressive leader that established the Hull House in Chicago

17th Amendment

Amendment that gave people the right to directly elect U.S. senators

18th Amendment

Led to the prohibition of alcohol

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote in the U.S.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Limited Chinese immigration to the U.S for nearly 10 years. Mainly pushed by Irish immigrants in California.

Immigration Restriction Act (1921)

The congressional act passed in 1921 to limit all immigration into American following WWI. Much of this was inresponse to the fear that communism would spread to the U.S. following the Bolshevik Revolutino in Russia during WWI.

Square Deal

Teddy Roosevelt “Deal” that allowed for consumer protection, trust busting, and conservation

New Freedom

President Woodrow Wilson’s progressive program that established government programs like the Federal Reserve System, low protectice tariffs (the Underwood Tariff Act), and trust busting mesaures like the Clayton Anti-Trust law.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Aimed to prevent monopolies and promote fair competition in the marketplace by prohibiting any combination or conspiracy. Tried to curb the power of large coroportation dring the Gilded Age.

Open Door Policy

A US foreign policy that aimed to ensure equal trading rights for nations in China, preventing any single power from monopolizing trade within the country, while also upholding China’s territorial integrity.

League of Nations

Part of the World War I era Fourteen Points peace plan proposed that countries meet in a global forum to discuss problems instead of going to war? Most European nations joined the organization but the U.S. never joined.

William Jennings Bryan

The Democratic candidate from Nebraska who lost the 1896 presidential election to William McKinley. He was known for his “Cross of Gold” speech promoting bimetallism and later served as Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson and as counsel in the Scopes “Monkey Trial.”

Carter G. Woodson

The Father of Black History, popularized the study of African American history

Robert E. Lee

A prominent Confederate general during the Civil War, surrendered to Grant at Appomatox Court House

Fourteen Points

Proposed by Woodrow Wilson to outline his vision for post-WWI that emphasized self-determination, opne diplomacy, free trade, and the creation of the League of Nations to prevent future conflicts

Massacre at Wounded Knee

Massacre of Native Americans in 1890, final battle between the U.S. Army and the Lakota Sioux.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty that officialy ended World War I on June 28,1919

Battle of Blair Mountain

The largest labor uprising in United States history and was the largest armed uprising since the Civil War

Dollar Diplomacy

The key American imperialist and international loan program during William Howard Taft’s presidency. Encouraged American businesses and banks to invest in Latin America and East Asia to expand U.S. financial influence, continuing the Roosevelt Corollary and supporting projects like the Panama Canal.

RMS Lusitania

British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat in 1915

Ulysses S. Grant

Accepted Lee’s surrender at Appomatox and later served as the 18th President of the U.S. His terms were riddled with political and economic corruptin, but he elimiated the first KKK.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Landmark Supreme Court case that upheld Jim Crow laws and seperate but equal, and declared that Jim Crow did not violate the 14th Amendment

Appomattox Court House

The location where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

Spanish-American War

War that was encouraged by Yellow Journalists like Jospeph Pulitzer and William Randolph Heart in 1898. They were responsible for sensationalizing and exaggerating the events of this war to sell newspapers. The was was fought in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. In the end, the U.S. would gain control of the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and insert itself in all Cuban affairs until the late 1950’s.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved people, and guaranteed equal protection of the law to all citizens

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists during the Progressive Era

15th Amendment

Gave the right to vote to Black people

Eugene v. Debs

The railroad firefighter that was a major socialist party leader, ran for president from prison, founder of the American Railway Union, led the Pullman Company Town Strike, and later founded the International Workers of the World.

Jim Crow Laws

The controversial laws passed after the Reconstruction in which African Americans in the South were denied the full voting rights and basic equal rights of citizenship at the local, state, and federal level. They wouldn’t be fully repealed until Brown v. Board.

Frances E. Willard

A prominent leader of the women’s suffrage movement and the temperance movement.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce

John Muir

A naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wildreness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature. His activism helped to save the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park, and other wilderness.

John J. “Black Jack” Pershing

U.S. General that commanded all U.S. forces (the AEF) during WWI and fought against Poncho Villa in Mexico and led the American Expeditionary Force in Europe during WWI.

Buck v. Bell

Supreme Court case the upheld the right for state insitutions to continue to practice “eugenics” by sterlizing asylum patients and criminals without their consent. One of the most controversial Supreme Court descision in U.S. history and had yet to be overturned by the court.

Jeanette Rankin

The first women elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Montana

Queen Liliuokalani

The last reigning monarch of Hawaii, was overthrown by a group of American businessmen and sugar planters, leading to the evenutal annexation of Hawaii by the US.