DC Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1

What is it, How is the Body Organized, What Are the Requirements for Life, Internal Enviroment Balance, Anatomy Terms, Body Cavities and Membranes

Anatomy

• The structure of body parts and their relationship to one another (systems and organs within the body)

Physiology

• The function of the body (how it works) and how it carries out life-sustaining activities (helps explain why things happen)

• Focuses on events at the cellular or molecular level

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

• Large body structures visible to the naked eye (Heart, Lungs, & Kidneys)

Regional Anatomy

• All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves) in one region of the body can be examined at the same time

Systemic Anatomy

• Studied system by system

EX: When studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and blood vessels of the entire body

Surface Anatomy

• The study of internal structures in relation to overlaying skin surface.

Microscopic Anatomy (What are its subdivisions?)

• Structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

• Cytology (cells of the body) & Histology (Study of tissues)

Developmental Anatomy (and its subdivision)

• Traces structural changes that occur through the lifespan

• Embryology (concerns developmental changes that occur before birth)

Pathological Anatomy

• Structural changes caused by diseases

Radiographic Anatomy

• Internal structures visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

Palpation

• Feeling organs with your hand

Ausculation

• Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

Renal Physiology

• Kidney functions and urine production

Neurophysiology

• Explains the workings of the nervous systems

Cardiovascular physiology

• Operation of the heart and blood vessels

What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

• Function always reflects structure (what a structure can do is based on its specific form)EX: -Examples:

• Bones can support/protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits

• Blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow

What is the structural hiearchy in order?

• Chemical Level (Atoms, Molecules, Organelles)

• Cellular Level

• Tissue Level (Epithelium, Muscle, Connective Tissue, Nervous Tissue)

• Organ Level (Extremely complex functions become possible)

• Organ System Level (Organs work together to accomplish a common purpose)

• Organismal Level (Total of all structures working to keep us alive)

Digestive System

• Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter

Respiratory System

• Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

Cardiovascular System

• Blood distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers waste/carbon dioxide to disposal organs.

Urinary System

• Eliminates nitrogenous waste and excess ions

Integumentary System

• Synthesizes vitamin D and houses pain receptors

• Protects our internal organs from drying out, bacteria, the damaging effects of the outdoors, and chemicals)

Why is maintaining boundaries in living organisms important?

• The internal environment remains distinct from the external

Movement

• Activities promoted by the muscular system (moving from one place to another)

On the cellular level, the muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening is called what?

• Contractility

Responsiveness/excitability

• The ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them

• Most relevant to the nervous system

Digestion

• The breakdown of food into simple molecules that can be absorbed by the blood

Metabolism (what does it include?)

• All chemical reactions that occur within body cells

INCLUDES

• Catabolism (breaking down substances into simpler building blocks)

• Anabolism (Synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances)

• Cellular Respiration (using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP)

Excretion

• The process of removing waste (feces) from the body

Reproduction (what level does it occur at?)

• Original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair

• Occurs at the cellular and organismal levels

What are the survival needs for human life?

• Nutrients

• Oxygen

• Water

• Temperature

• Atmospheric Pressure

Skeletal System

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides a framework that the muscles use to cause movement

• Stores minerals

• Blood cells are formed

Muscular System

• Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, face expressions

• Maintains posture and produces heat

Lymphatic/Immunity System

• Returns leaked fluid from blood

• Disposes of debris

• Houses white blood cells

Endocrine System

• Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism

Nutrients

• Contain chemical substances used for energy and cell building

• Carbohydrates are major energy fuelers

• Proteins are essential for building cell structures

• Mineral calcium helps make bones hard

Water

• 50-60% of our body weight

• Most abundant chemical substance in the body

Homeostasis

• The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even when outside conditions change continuously

What are the 3 components that work to maintain homeostasis?

• Receptor: type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes; input flows from the receptor to the control center along the afferent pathway)

• Control Center: determines the set point that a variable is to be maintained. It analyzes the input and determines the right response. Travels to the effector along the efferent (exit) pathway

• Effector: provides the means for the control center’s response to the stimulus.

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

• The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity.

• Goal: To prevent severe changes within the body

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

• Enhances the original response so that it accelerates

• Typically sets off a series of events (amplifying)

Ex: Labor contractions and blood clots

Homeostatic imbalance

• Disease can be a result of homeostasis imbalance

• As we age, our bodies become less efficient/stable

What is the anatomical position?

• Standing with feet slightly apart

What areas are included in Cephalic?

• Frontal loab

• Orbital

• Nasal

• Oral

• Mental

• Otic

• Occipital (back of head)

What areas are included in the Thoracic region?

• Sternal

• Axillary

• Mammary

What areas are included in the upper limb region?

• Acromial

• Brachial (arm)

• Antecubital

• Olecranal

• Antebrachial (forearm)

• Carpal (Wrist)

What areas are included in the manus (hand) region?

• Metacarpal

• Palmar

• Pollex

• Digitial (fingers)

What areas are included in the lower limb region?

• Coxal (hip)

• Femoral (thigh)

• Patellar

• Popliteal

• Crural (leg)

• Sural (Calf)

• Fibular

What areas are included in the pedal (foot) region?

• Tarsal (ankle)

• Calcaneal

• Metatarsal

• Digitial (toes)

• Plantar

• Hallux

What areas are included in the back (dorsal) region?

• Scalpular

• Vertebral

• Lumbar

• Sacral

• Gluteal

• Perineal

Superior

• Toward the head or upper body

Inferior

• Away from the head towards a lower part of the body

Anterior

• In front of

Posterior

• Towards the back of the body

Medial

Midline of the body, on the outer side of

Lateral

• On the outer side of

Intermediate

• Between a more medial & lateral structure

Proximal

• Closer to the origin of the body part OR point of attachment from a limb

Distal

• Farther from the origin of a body part

Ex: The knee is distal to the thigh

Superficial

• Toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

• Away from the body surface

Sagittal Plane

• Vertical, divides the body into right & left

Frontal (coronal) Planes

• Vertical, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse/horizontal plane

• Runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

What does the dorsal cavity protect?

• Nervous system

What does the cranial cavity encase?

• The brain

What does the vertebral cavity protect?

• Encloses the spinal cord

What is the thoracic cavity surronded by?

• The ribs and muscles of the chest

What do the pleural and pericardial cavities enclose?

PLEURAL: Lungs

PERICARDIAL: Heart, esophagus, trachea

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

• Stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

• Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and the rectum

Serosa, Partial Serosa, Visceral Serosa

Serosa: Thin, double-layered membrane

Partial Serosa: The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls

Visceral: Covers the organs in the body

Oral Cavity

• mouth, teeth, tongue

Nasal Cavity

• Part of the respiratory passageways

Orbiatal Cavities

• House the eye

Middle ear cavaites

• Contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors

Synovial Cavities

• Movable joints of the body