kidney function(????)

Dialysis

removes waste & excess fluid from the blood through semipermeable membrane when kidney function is lost (from renal failure)

Hemodialysis

type of kidney dialysis; uses artificial membrane in an external device that’s connected to an artery & vein in their arm to perform dialysis (remove waste & excess fluid)

Peritoneal dialysis

type of kidney dialysis; uses intestine lining (peritoneum) as the dialysis membrane to perform dialysis (remove waste & excess fluid)

urinalysis

analysis of urine for any potential conditions a person might have

when would someone need urinalysis

Kidney infection, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, PKD, trauma near the kidneys, heavy metal poisoning, atherosclerosis, blockage of tubules

what can the kidney absorb

• water

• sodium

• calcium

• bicarbonate ions (for blood pH — if too basic, H+ is not excreted and HCO3– is not reabsorbed.)

• amino acids

• Glucose

• Ketones

• Proteins

diabetes insipidus

• ADH activity is insufficient

• thirst is intense, but water is excreted more quickly than it is consumed, leading to severe dehydration and ion imbalances.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• regulated by the hypothalamus, released by pituitary

• increases the permeability of the distal tubule and the collecting duct

• allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the blood

blood volume, and therefore blood pressure, is too low to promote glomerular filtration…

• kidneys secrete renin (enzyme)

• triggers the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. (from a reaction)

• Aldosterone stimulates the distal tubules and collecting ducts to reabsorb Na+ (thus chloride ions and water too)

• blood volume and blood pressure increase

If the blood is too acidic,

kidneys H+ is excreted and HCO3- is reabsorbed.

If the blood is too basic,

kidneys H+ is not excreted and HCO3– is not reabsorbed.

Since urine is usually acidic, it follows that [__] is usually excreted.

Since urine is usually acidic, it follows that H+ is usually excreted.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

• painful burning sensation during urination,

• need to urinate frequently even when no urine is present,

• bloody or brown urine.

• can result in permanent damage to the kidneys and possible kidney failure.

cystitis

UTI — bladder has a bacterial or viral infection

urethritis

— if only the urethra is involved (UTI? internet says no)

why are women more likely to get UTI’s

urethral and anal openings are closer together, making it easier for bacteria from the bowels to enter the urinary tract and start an infection.

kidney stones

• excess calcium in the urine.

• Recurrent UTI’s

• insufficient water consumption

• low exercise

• stones pass through the urinary tract on their own.

Renal Insuffciency

• damage to nephrons → kidneys cannot

  maintain homeostasis

cause due to (some)..

• kidney infection

• high BP

• diabetes mellitus

Nephrons can [__] and restore kidney function after short-term injuries. Even when some of the nephrons are [__] [__] others can [__] for their lost function.

Nephrons can regenerate and restore kidney function after short-term injuries. Even when some of the nephrons are irreversibly damaged, others can compensate for their lost function.