Common Organic Qn

R-X to R-CN

KCN in ethanol, heat

R-CN to R-COOH/R-COO- + NH3/NH4+

Acidic Hydrolysis (H2SO4), heat

OR

Basic Hydrolysis (NaOH), heat

RCN to RCH2NH2

Reduction

LiAlH4 in dry ether

R-X to R-OH

NaOH, heat under reflux

RX to C=C

NaOH in ethanol, heat

How to test for carbonyl (C=O)

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, warm

forms orange ppt

add CN to carbonyl

Nucleophilic Addition

HCN, in presence of NaCN

Test for CH3 on ketone or 2• alc

I2, NaOH, warm

forms yellow ppt CHI3

Replace CH3 with O- Na+

Fehling

Test for aliphatic aldehyde

Reddish-brown ppt formed

Tollen

Test for any aldehyde

Silver mirror formed

Reduction of OH

Na rtp

OH bcm O- Na+

Esterification

COOH → H2SO4 catalyst, heat

Acyl Cl → rtp

1• alc oxidation

OH → K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, heat with immediate distillation → Aldehyde (1R grp)

OH → KMnO4, H2SO4, heat under reflux → COOH

2• alc

OH → any OA → ketone

OH to C=C

Elimination

Excess conc H2SO4, heat under reflux

Major product of OH to C=C

Most R grps

C=C is e- rich, more ED grps → better resonance → more stable

OH → Cl

PCl5, heat

OH to Br

PBr3, heat

OH to I

PI3, heat under reflux

Benzene → 1NO2

conc HNO3, conc H2SO4

if got R grp (ED) → rtp (eg Phenol)

Phenol → 3NO2

conc HNO3 at rtp

Benzene to 1X

RX + AlX3

Phenol → 3Br

Br2

Benzene to 1R grp

RX + AlX3

Electrophilic Substituition

1. Generate Electrophile

2. Electrophilic attack of Benzene Ring

3. Form carbocation intermediate (X thing)

4. Loss of H

Methyl Benzene (any alkane/alkene attached)

OXIDATION

Form COOH on Benzene

+ H2O + xCO2(for long chain of alkane/alkene)

Reactions of Methyl Benzene

Alkane undergo what

FRS

X2, UV light

Ratio of Halogenoalkane formed

C=C mild oxidation become C-C

KMnO4, NaOH/H2SO4, cold

add 1OH to each C

Strong Oxidation C=C → C=O

Oxidative Cleavage

KMnO4, NaOH/H2SO4, heat

H attached to C become OH

H2C=O become CO2/CO3²- + H2O

Alkene → Alkane

H2, Ni

C=C → 2X

X2 in CCl4, in the dark

X added to each C

C=C → OH

steam(H2O(g)), conc H2SO4

OH on one C, H on other C

C=C → 1X

HX

X added to 1 C, H added to other C

Form highest degree carbocation

Higher degree → Most R grps (ED)

MEANS Higher dispersion of +ve charge

MEANS More stable