Honors US History 1 - Unit 5: Race and Reform

Reasons for the transition to slavery

• white indentured servants were a bad investment

  • died of disease, easy to run away, bacons rebellion

Bacons Rebellion

• white and black indentured servants united and rebel

• The first Racial Bribe - elites told white ind. serv. no matter how poor you are, you will always have someone below you

• Birth of White Supremacy

Social Darwinism

theory of natural selection/evolution and applying it to humans

• EUGENICS - having superior traits

• white supremacy

Triangular trade

• US - to britain=cash crops

• Africa - to us=slaves

• Britain - to africa=guns

Amisted

• a ship

• the slaves aboard the amisted were set free in a trial

When was the slave trade outlawed and what happens after?

1808

• reproduction - could reuse slaves because the labor isn’t as intensive

How did insurance companies fit into the slave trade?

they would insure slaves and paid the captains

• some captains would have to “take the loss”

Chattel slavery

slaves were seen as property

Curse of Ham

in the bible

• ham was dark skinned and anyone related to ham was to be punished

Effects on Africa (destabilization)

• african tribes were given guns for slaves

• would capture rival tribes

  • led to internal wars

The cotton gin

• whitney “invented” the cotton gin to speed up the process of cleaning cotton

• needed more slaves to produce more cotton

  • grow, pick, clean

2nd great awakening

• religious movement

• US became protestant

  • believed utopia on earth and needed to be perfect community

American Colonization Society

• wanted to colonize Liberia to free slaves and send them to africa

• slaves didn’t want to go back — wanted to be free in America

Harriet Beecher Stow

• wrote uncle tom’s cabin

  • first mass media and showed the horrors of slavery

William Loyd Garrison

• wanted immediate emancipation - not gradual

• burned the constitution in public

• believed slave owners were the devil and the constitution was a flawed document

David Walker

• free african-american appeal by any means necessary

• FIGHT

Fredrick Douglas

• born into slavery and bought his freedom

• he had a benevolent master: his daughter taught him to read and write

• convinces Lincoln to get rid of American Colonization Society

Nat Turners Rebellion (1831)

• nat turner was a preacher; believed he was chosen to lead his people out of slavery

• attacked plantations and killed 60 slave owners

• in retaliation Nat and 200 slaves were killed

George Fitzhuh

• best selling author in the south

• wrote about having more slavery and that slaves were being treated better than factory workers in the north

Where in the constitution does it mention slavery

Art 1, sec 2 - the 3/5 compromise

art 1, sec 9 - banned the slave trade in 1808

Art 4, sec 2 - fugitive slave provision

Fugitive slave law

if a slave escapes to a free state, the owner has the right to have the slave returned

Compromise of 1820

• would there be slavery in the new Louisiana territory states?

• Maine became a free state to equal missouri becoming a slave state

36-30 line

north=free

south=slave

Popular Sovereignty

individual territories states decide if they want to issue slavery or not

Compromise of 1850

• california admitted as a free state

• utah and new mexico: popular sovereignty

• texas and new mexico boundary dispute resolved

• slave trade banned in DC

• new/stricter Fugitive slave law

1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act

Nebraska=north

Kansas=south

• used popular soverignty to determine slavery

“Bleeding Kansas”

“Bleeding Kansas”

• thousands poured into Kansas

• Border Ruffians - pro slavery supporters from missouri

• Jayhawks - anti slavery supporters from KS

• KS initially vote a slave state - rigged

The Dred Scott Case

• was a slave who was taken from Missouri to Illinois and owner dies

• lived in free state - sued for freedom

Ruling on Dred Scott

Judge Taney:

• african americans had no legal standing to sue - PROPERTY

• living in a free territory does not give freedom

• Missouri compromise declared unconstitutional

“Free Soil”

had to stop slavery expansion west

• the soil couldn’t keep up with cotton

Why would GB join the confederacy?

“king cotton” - was sent to England textile factories

if US was split, they would be a smaller threat

Gag Rule

couldn’t talk about slavery in the HOR and Senate floor

Sumner-Brooks affair

• sumner talked about slavery in senate

• got beat up by Brooks

• everyone started bringing guns/knives

The myth of the “lost cause”

• Lincoln name wasn’t on ballot in 10 southern states and still won

• south questioned democracy and popular sovereignty

• they fought for their rights; for the lost cause

Va + Ky Resolutions

• if the fed gov’t passes a law that is unjust, the states have right to nullify

• COMPACT THEORY

• “contracts” - if the gov’t did something unbeneficial to the state —> secede

Election of 1860

licoln won with 40% of votes

• south saw the victory as an attempt to radicalize the country

• 6 states from deep south seceded

Fort Sumter

• confederates fired upon union soldiers

• “bloodless opening to the bloodiest war”

Robert E. Lee

• chose between his state of Virginia and the union army

  • chose VA

• Army of N. Virginia - largest force in confederacy

Grant

Grand Army of the Republic

The battle of Manassas/bullrun

• First Battle !

• unionist on their way to Richmond

• Civilians from DC came to watch for entertainment

• Union victory felt so sure

North Advantages

• have better equiptment

• larger population

• GRANT

South Advantages

• easier to fight a defensive battle

• better military leadership

• general soldier is better at shooting

Northern Leaders

Lincoln - has to find a good leader, more than to keep the union together

Grant - head general of union army in 1864

Southern Leaders

Jefferson Davis - president of CSA

William Tecumseh Sherman - “march to sea”

Robert E. Lee - General of army of northern virginia

Thomas Stonewall Jackson - Lee’s most trusted General

Battle of Antietam (1862)

• in Maryland (union’s home turf)

• British favored confederacy

• First battle the union didn’t lost

  • british doesn’t want to back Confed. if they are losers

Emancipation Proclamation

“freeing all the slaves in the states that are in rebellion”

• not all slaves cause then he’d lose border states

• keeps the British out of the war

The Anaconda Plan

“Gen. Winfield Scott’s Great Snake”

• have to use Navy to block south ports

• liberate slaves and undermine economy

• cut the confed. in half - Battle of VICKSBURG

• chop confed. into pieces - Sherman’s March

• Capture RICHMOND - Battle of Petersburg

Day 1: Battle of Gettysburg

• north takes high ground

• Lee wants to strike heart of union; if he invades the north, they’ll give up

  • GOAL: DC

Day 2: Battle of Gettysburg

• 90,000 union vs. 70,000 confederacy

• Lee orders Longstreet to take Little Round Top

• JOSHUA CHAMBERLIN: hero of the second day

  • when union out of ammunition, he orders a bayonet charge