spinal cord

In a reflex arc, ___________ pass out of the central nervous system to stimulate effectors.

motor neurons

When the flexor muscles of one arm contract in a withdrawal reflex, the extensor muscles of the other arm contract.  What is this response called?

crossed extensor reflex

The terminal part of the spinal cord is known as:

conus medullaris location

A _______________ is a subconcious, automatic motor response to specific sensory iput

reflex

The _______________ Mater is the middle layer of the spinal meninges.

arachnoid

Explain what functions of the body would be impaired if damage to the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord occurred.

loss of motor functions

Describe the cervical enlargement on the spinal cord and explain its purpose.

a widening in the area of the cervical vertebrae that supplies nerves to the shoulders and upper limbs

What symptoms might the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system produce in a patient experiencing stress?

increase in respiratory rate, breathing rate, and heart rate, decrease in digestion. 

the cervical segment gives rise to how many nerves?

8 nerves

the thoracic segment gives rise to how many nerves?

12 nerves

the lumbar segment gives rise to how many nerves?

5 nerves l

the sacral segment gives rise to how many nerves?

5 nerves s

the coccygeal segment gives rise to how many nerves?

1

how many total spinal nerve pairs do you have?

31

how many total vertebrae do you have?

30

what prevents side to side movement of the spinal cord?

filum terminale

If the right lateral spinothalamic tract is severed,

pain impulses from the left side are blocked.

what are the 3 ascending tracts?

fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus, spinothalamic, and spinocerebellar.

what are the 3 descending tracts?

corticospinal, reticulospinal, and rubrospinal.

the descending tracts are sensory or motor?

motor

the ascending tracts are sensory or motor?

sensory

when someone touches or steps on something painful

withdrawal reflex

aftermath of knees buckling

patellar knee jerk reaction

order of the reflex arc

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector.

what step does a monosynaptic reflex skip

interneuron

what is special about a polysynaptic reflex

it is many reactions so it has many effectors

connects both sides of gray matter

gray commisure

what processes are controlled to maintain homeostasis

involuntary:heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, and coughing.

damage to the back of the spine

no sensation

damage to the front of the spine

paralyzation

damage between cervical and lumbar vertebrae

paraplegic

cut not all the way through on one side

hemiplegic

cut at cervical spine

quadraplegic

horns make up which type of matter

gray

funiculi make up which type of matter

white

a group of lumbar and sacral nerves extending down from the conus medullaris in vertebral column

cauda equina

cord of connective tissue that anchors your spinal cord to coccyx

filum terminale definition

tapering region below lumbar enlargement

conus medullaris definition

supplies nerves to lower limbs

lumbar enlargement

supplies nerves to upper limbs

cervical enlargement

where does the spinal cord end

between L1 and L2

a test of the pressure that the cerebrospinal fluid is under

a lumbar puncture

a complete cut of the lumbar vertebrae will result in…

paraplegia

the corticospinal tracts control 

voluntary muscle movements

the somatic nervous system connects the CNS to …

skin and skeletal muscles

the autonomic nervous system connects the CNS to …

visceral organs

cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the _ horns

anterior

gray matter is mostly composed of

interneurons

what is the triceps jerk reflex

extension of the forearm

surrounds fascicles

perineurium

surrounds a group of fascicles

epineurium

surrounds individual axons

endoneurium

a network of ventral rami that come together and then branch to form peripheral nerves

plexus

serves neck and diaphragm

cervical plexus C1-C4

serves shoulder and arms

brachial plexus C5-T1

serves lower abdomen and thighs

lumbar plexus L1-L4

serves legs and feet

sacral plexus L4-S4