apartheid

What is the difference between "Petty Apartheid" and "Grand Apartheid"?

Petty = day-to-day segregation (amenities, transport, beaches, entrances). Grand = large-scale structural laws (Group Areas Act 1950, Bantustan/homelands system).

DISCRIMINATION] What did the Population Registration Act (1950) do?

[Classified every person by race — the legal basis all other apartheid laws depended on.

What did the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953) do?

Legally segregated public amenities (transport, entrances, facilities) by race.

What caused the creation of townships and forced removals (e.g. Sophiatown, District Six)?

he Group Areas Act — designated areas by race and forcibly relocated non-white communities out of them.

What was the Bantustan (homeland) system, and what did it strip from Black South Africans?

Assigned Black South Africans to designated "homelands," stripping their citizenship and political rights in South Africa itself.

What did the Bantu Education Act (1953) do, and what was its long-term impact?

Segregated education by race, deliberately limiting Black South Africans' access to quality schooling and future opportunity.

What was the Defiance Campaign (1952)?

Mass civil disobedience against unjust apartheid laws, led by the ANC and SAIC (South African Indian Congress).

What was the Freedom Charter (1955)?

A statement of demands for a non-racial, democratic South Africa, drafted by the Congress of the People — a key statement of intent.

What role did bus boycotts (e.g. Alexandra 1957) play?

Economic protest tactic against segregated/price-hiked transport — directly comparable to Montgomery in the US case study.

What caused the Sharpeville Massacre (21 March 1960), and what were the immediate consequences?

Caused by an anti-pass law protest; immediate consequence was the banning of the ANC and PAC.

Why was non-violence abandoned after Sharpeville, and what organisation formed as a result?

Non-violence was judged to have failed against state violence and banning orders; MK (Umkhonto we Sizwe) was formed in 1961 to carry out armed struggle.

What was the government's official response to escalating resistance?

State of emergency, banning orders on organisations and individuals, and increased security legislation.

What happened at the Rivonia Trial (1963-64)?

Captured ANC/MK leadership, including Mandela, were tried and sentenced to life imprisonment; Mandela gave his "I am prepared to die" speech in his defence.

What was Nelson Mandela's significance?

Shifted from non-violent resistance to leading MK's armed struggle; central defendant at the Rivonia Trial, sentenced to life imprisonment.

What was Albert Luthuli's significance, and how does he contrast with Mandela?

ANC president committed to non-violence throughout, awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (1960) — a useful contrast to Mandela's later shift to armed struggle.

What was the ANC's role and significance?

Led the campaign against apartheid (Defiance Campaign, Freedom Charter, later armed struggle via MK); banned by the government in 1960.

What was the SACP's role and significance?

Ideologically allied with the ANC, influencing the movement's strategy.

What was MK (Umkhonto we Sizwe)'s role and significance?

The ANC's armed wing, formed in 1961 to carry out a sabotage/armed struggle campaign after non-violent methods were deemed to have failed.