Population health and epidemiology EXAM

Communicable disease

can be spread from person to person

indirect contact

virus/bacteria

noncommunicable disease

cannot be transmitted between people

developed bc of lifestyle factors; set, genetics, enviormental exposure

Social determinants

education, socioeconomic

healthcare, neighborhood

physical enviorment

resources available

SNAP, foodstamps

medicare/medicaid

helplines, support groups

shelters, free clinics

social justice

belief that all people have equal rights, opportunities, and treatment

Morbidity

having a specific illness

mortality

number of deaths a specific illness has caused

prevalance

proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition at a specific time.

incidence

measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period

case fatality

The proportion of people who die from a specified disease among all individuals diagnosed with the disease over a certain period.

proportion

The risk of developing a disease during a specified period

It can be used to describe the percentage of a population that has a particular characteristic. 

life expectancy

how long someone is expected to life

quality of life

how well someone lives

vital statistics

quantitative data about important life events, such as births, deaths, marriages, and divorces

primary intervention

Implemented before the onset of a health issue

secondary intervention

Focuses on early detection and intervention

tertiary intervention

Addresses existing conditions

cost effectiveness

a way to measure how well resources are used to achieve a desired outcome

HIV

A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system.

false positive

Incorrectly identifies a trait or characteristic when it does not acutally exist

false negative

Incorrectly identifying the absence of a characteristic or train when it DOES exist

culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

Haly

Health-adjusted life expectancy: This is calculated by subtracting the life expectancy (# of years lived) with disability multiplied by a weighting to represent the effect of the disability

daly

Disability-adjusted life year: DALYs are years in perfect health lost. This measurement is used to determine how a disease or injury affects your length and quality of life in a population

informed consent

An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

informed decision

a decision that is based on information not just feelings

socioeconomic status

status in society based on level of education, income, and occupational prestige

Healthy People 2030

a national initiative that sets data-driven objectives to improve health and well-being over the next decade.

It focuses on a wide range of public health issues, including social determinants of health, health disparities, and leading health indicators.

chain model

evidence based data

based on information collected through various research methods which are used to design, implement, and evaluate public health programs and policies.

Evidence-based public health refers to the practice of using the best available scientific evidence to guide public health decision-making and interventions.

17 goals

• no poverty
  - zero hunger
  - good health and well being
  - quality education
  - gender equality
  - clean water and sanitation
  - affordable and clean energy
  - decent work and economic growth
  - industry, innovation, and infrastructure
  - reduced inequalities
  - sustainable cities and communities
  - responsible consumption and production
  - climate action
  - life below water
  - life on land
  - peace, justice, strong institutions
  - partnerships for the goals

shared decision making

both the patient and physician contribute to the medical decision-making process and agree on treatment decisions.

research study

first step is INFORMED CONSENT

order of research study

1. Informed Consent

2. Study Design

3. Formulation of Research Questions/Hypotheses

4. Sampling

5. Data Collection

6. Data Analysis

7. Interpretation of Results

8. Reporting and Dissemination

9. Ethical Considerations (including follow-up and participant care if needed)

healthcare disparities

differences in the quality and access to healthcare services between groups of people

cost net effectiveness

passive immunity

It is temporary immunity that occurs when antibodies are transferred from one person or animal to another. The recipient's immune system doesn't produce its own antibodies; instead, it "receives" them from an outside source.

active immunity

occurs when an individual’s immune system is exposed to a pathogen, either through natural infection or vaccination, and produces a response that includes the production of antibodies and memory cells.

herd immunity

occurs when a large portion of a population becomes immune to a specific infectious disease, either through vaccination or previous infections, making the spread of the disease from person to person less likely