3.2.3.1.3 Arousal in sport
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20 Terms
Arousal
Level of alertness, excitement and readiness to perform. Psychological and controlled by the CNS
Drive theory
As arousal increases, performance increases.
Drive theory equation
Performance = Habit (how well learnt) x Drive (level of arousal)
Dominant response in drive theory
Response most likely to stand out/occur (expert = correct).
Strengths of Drive theory
Simple/gross skills, explains why elite performers play well under pressure
Negatives of Drive theory
Simplistic, does not explain performance decrease and differences in skill type, does not explain ‘choking’
Inverted U theory
Arousal reaches optimal then gradually declines (between boredom and anxiety)
Factors affecting Inverted U theory
Novice vs Experts, Extroverts vs Introverts, Gross vs Fine
Differences between novices and experts in inverted U theory
Novices (lower+narrow) vs Experts (higher and broader)
Differences between extroverts vs introverts
Extroverts are naturally under aroused vs introverts are naturally over aroused
Strengths of Inverted U theory
Wide range of sports, performance drop explained
Weaknesses of Inverted U theory
Too general, assumes same curve for everyone, does not explain sudden collapses
Catastrophe theory
When physiological and cognitive arousal is high, performance collapses and requires arousal drop to recover
Catastrophe theory strengths
Explains choking, accounts for psychological factors
Catastrophe theory weaknesses
Not all performers experience a sudden drop, infores personality/skill level, oversimplification of anxiety effect on performance
Zone of optimal functioning and what personal factors determine this
Each person has optimal zone of arousal based off experience and personality
Strengths of Zone of optimal functioning
Highly personalised
Weakness of ZOne of optimal functioning
Difficult to measure, less predictive
Peak flow (charecteristics)
Optimal psychological state when: Highly focused, Movement feels effortless, High levels of confidence, clear goals
Factors required for peak flow experience
Optimal arousal, Balance between challenge/skill, Clear goals