Biology Exam 3

Kingdom Plantae

Complex, multi-cellular organisms that use photosynthesis to make food.

Sessile

An organism that does not move. It remains attached to one place.

Plants develop from

a protected embryo

Alteration of generation (in plants)

a life cycle that involves a switch between two multicellular stages: the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte

Gametophyte

gamete-producing plant; multicellular haploid phase of a plant life cycle

sporophyte

Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism

Evolution of land plants

- Required adaptations that allowed photosynthetic organisms to move from aquatic to terrestrial environments

- Plants had to adapt to living and reproducing in a dry environment

Formula for photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O + Sunlight --> C6H12O6 + O2

Advantages for land plants

1. More Sunlight

2. More CO2

3. More access to nutrients in the soil

Adaptations of land plants: Roots

Absorbs H2O and nutrients, as well as, anchoring the plant to the ground

Adaptations of land plants: Shoots (stems & leaves)

Absorbs sunlight

Cuticle

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves

Adaptations of land plants: Cuticle

Prevents water loss

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move in and out of the plant

Adaptations of land plants: Stomata

Maintains water balance within the plant, as well as, assisting in photosynthesis by exchanging gases

Does CO2 go in or out of a plant?

In

Does O2 go in or out of a plant?

Out

Does H2O go in or out of a plant?

Out

vascular tissue in plants

Made up of xylem and phloem, it transports fluid and nutrients internally

Adaptations of land plants: Vascular tissue in plants

Transports important things like nutrients and fluid (similar to veins)

Xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Phloem

the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Liginin

Secondary support for the cell wall

Adaptations of land plants: Liginin

Creates support, structure, and strength for the plant

Secondary plant structures

Flowers, fruits, and seeds

The two divisions of kingdom plantae

Bryophytes & Tracheophytes

Bryophytes

nonvascular plants where gametophytes are the dominant stage and sporophyte is retained

Example of Bryophytes

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

What do bryophytes lack?

vascular tissue, lignin, & roots, stems, or leaves

What do bryophytes rely on to transport things?

Diffusion

bryophytes attributes

-less than 1 inch in size; very small

-restricted to watery environments

What do bryophytes need for fertilization?

water; the sperm need to swim

Rhizoids

A thin, rootlike structure that anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients.

Why are bryophytes sensitive to pollution?

Because they are very absorptive

the most common bryophytes are

peat moss

peat bog

A wetland area with an accumulation of dead plant material, especially moss. This area is very acidic and doesn't allow many things to grow there.

What can grow in peat bogs

cranberries and blueberries

Tracheophytes

vascular plants where sporophyte is dominant & gametophyte is not retained

What do tracheophytes have?

transport vessels, xylem, phloem, lignin, and roots, stems, & leaves

seedless vascular plants

Plants that have vascular tissue but reproduce by spores (ferns, club mosses, and horsetails)

Rhizomes

horizontal underground stems

Club Mosses (Lycophyta)

the earliest group of seedless vascular plants; tiny scale-like leaves, have rhizomes, resemble tiny pine trees, with sporangia at the base of the leaves, and are typically 8 inches in height

sporangia

multicellular organs that produce spores

Horsetails (scouring rushes)

less than 3ft tall hollow, ribbed stems that are jointed at nodes. Stems, branches, and leaves are green (photosynthetic) and have rough texture due to silica (SiO2).

strobilus

The technical term for a cluster of sporophylls known commonly as a cone, found in most gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants.

Ferns

Any of numerous flowerless, seedless vascular plants having roots, stems, and fronds and reproducing by spores.

What is the only seedless plant to have big broad leaves?

Ferns

Frond

The leaf of a fern plant

Fiddlehead

tightly coiled new leaves of ferns

Sori

raised spots located on the underside of sporophyte ferns, clusters of sporangia

What shape is a ferns gametophyte?

A very distinguished heart shape

Epiphyte

a plant that uses another plant for support, but not for nourishment

What do all seedless vascular plants have?

Rhizomes

seed plants

vascular plants that produce seeds

Which of these two are most successful, seedless plants or seed plants?

Seed plants

Why are seed plants most successful

because they have seeds and pollen that they use for reproduction

Pollen

(male) A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants

Seed

(female) plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering

Seed coat

A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule.

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits; Non-flowering plants

Conifers

cone bearing trees

Conifers examples

pines, firs, spruces, junipers, redwood, hemlock, cyprus

Evergreen

a tree that does not lose its leaves in the winter and stays green all year round

Conifers are adapted to

cold and dry weather

Conifers reproductive cycle

Conifer reproduction is a simple process of wind pollination where male cones release pollen, which travels on the wind to female cones. Once inside the female cone, the pollen fertilizes the ovules (immature seeds).

male cones are

small; it holds pollen & later disintegrates

female cones are

your typical large pine cone

Cycads

Gymnosperms that grow in tropical or subtropical areas; look like palm trees with cones

Cycads example

Sago Palms (toxic)

cycads male

a tight cone

Cycads female

"fluffy"/leafy and has seeds

Strobilus

a compact cluster of spore-bearing structures

dioecious

Having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals

monoecious

having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal

Ginkgo

a long-lived, disease-resistant, dioecious tree with unique fan-shaped leaves, capable of clonal reproduction, and known for its striking yellow autumn foliage and resilience in disturbed environments

Ginkgoes are cultivated in Asia for

their medicinal properties and for ornamental purposes

Why are ginkgos planted in cities?

They are seen as beautiful and are resistant to pollution and insects

The female ginkgoes produce a

vomit/stinky smelling fleshy looking seed

Gnetophytes

Live in hot deserts and tropical rain forests; can be a tree, vine, or shrub

Gnetophytes example

Ephedra Plant- used for weight loss

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Angiosperm adaptations: Flowers

Purpose: Hold the reproductive structure; to increase pollination increase fertilization

Angiosperm adaptations: Fruit

Seed bearing organ of the plant; Purpose: seed dispersal

Angiosperm adaptations: Broad leaves

Purpose: to increase photosynthesis

Pollination syndrome

a set of flower characteristics associated with a particular type of pollinator; how pollen is spread

pollination syndrome: birds

usually tube shaped red flowers w/ little or no fragrance & lots of nectar

Pollination Syndrome- Bees

bright yellow or blue flowers w/ nectar spurs and landing platforms (don't see red)

Pollination syndrome: bat

large, dull-colored, night-blooming flowers that offer abundant nectar

Pollination syndrome: wind

Forgo color and often have no petals, but dangle for maximum wind pick up (grass)

Pollination syndrome: fly

Have strong, bad odors- red/pink coloration

decidous

A plant that sheds its leaves during a particular season and goes dormant for a short time period annually

Angiosperms defense mechanisms

Prickles, briars, and toxins

How many groups of angiosperms are there?

Three

Magnoliids

share some traits with basal angiosperms but are more closely related to monocots and eudicots; Magnolia, avocado, & black pepper

Monocots examples

lilies, grasses, orchids, palms, grain

Dicots examples

roses, clover, tomatoes, oaks, daisies; most flowering tree, shrubs, and herbaceous plants

Parts of monocots: Flower

Petals in parts of threes; 3, 6, 9...

Parts of monocots: Leaf

blades that are long and slender

Parts of monocots: Roots

Fibrous root system, all the same size

Parts of monocots: Stem

Vascular bundles throughout