science challemge exam
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46 Terms
Prokaryotes
Unicellular organisms with no nucleus, smaller size (0.1-5.0 micrometers), DNA located in the nucleoid region.
Eukaryotes
Organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, have a nucleus, larger size (10-100 micrometers), DNA organized in linear chromosomes within the nucleus.
Nucleus
Membrane-bound structure in eukaryotes that contains genetic material; absent in prokaryotes.
Mitochondria
Organelles present in eukaryotes that have their own mitochondrial DNA, inherited maternally.
Chloroplasts
Organelles found in plant eukaryotes that contain chlorophyll and their own chloroplast DNA, involved in photosynthesis.
Vacuoles
Storage structures; plant cells have large central vacuoles, whereas animal cells have smaller vacuoles.
Interphase
The preparatory phase of the cell cycle, consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases.
Mitosis
The division of the nucleus, which includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm that follows mitosis.
Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction involving mitosis that results in genetically identical offspring.
Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction involving meiosis that results in genetically diverse organisms.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, a double-stranded molecule that stores genetic information.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid, a single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis.
Dominant Alleles
Alleles that are expressed over recessive alleles and determine traits.
Punnett Square
A tool used to predict the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes of genetic crosses.
Atom
The basic unit of matter composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons
Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons
Subatomic particles with no charge, located in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons
Negatively charged subatomic particles found in the electron cloud around the nucleus.
Chemical Reactions
Processes in which chemical bonds are broken and formed, transforming reactants into products.
Physical Changes
Changes that do not alter the chemical identity of substances.
Chemical Changes
Changes that result in the formation of new substances.
Properties of Water
Characteristics including cohesion and adhesion, high specific heat, solvent properties, expansion upon freezing, and participation in chemical reactions.
Prokaryotes
Unicellular organisms with no nucleus, smaller size (0.1-5.0 micrometers), DNA located in the nucleoid region.
Eukaryotes
Organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, have a nucleus, larger size (10-100 micrometers), DNA organized in linear chromosomes within the nucleus.
Nucleus
Membrane-bound structure in eukaryotes that contains genetic material; absent in prokaryotes.
Mitochondria
Organelles present in eukaryotes that have their own mitochondrial DNA, inherited maternally.
Chloroplasts
Organelles found in plant eukaryotes that contain chlorophyll and their own chloroplast DNA, involved in photosynthesis.
Vacuoles
Storage structures; plant cells have large central vacuoles, whereas animal cells have smaller vacuoles.
Interphase
The preparatory phase of the cell cycle, consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases.
Mitosis
The division of the nucleus, which includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm that follows mitosis.
Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction involving mitosis that results in genetically identical offspring.
Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction involving meiosis that results in genetically diverse organisms.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, a double-stranded molecule that stores genetic information.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid, a single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis.
Dominant Alleles
Alleles that are expressed over recessive alleles and determine traits.
Punnett Square
A tool used to predict the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes of genetic crosses.
Atom
The basic unit of matter composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons
Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons
Subatomic particles with no charge, located in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons
Negatively charged subatomic particles found in the electron cloud around the nucleus.
Chemical Reactions
Processes in which chemical bonds are broken and formed, transforming reactants into products.
Physical Changes
Changes that do not alter the chemical identity of substances.
Chemical Changes
Changes that result in the formation of new substances.
Properties of Water
Characteristics including cohesion and adhesion, high specific heat, solvent properties, expansion upon freezing, and participation in chemical reactions.