Lesson 2 Medical Terms

Arthrodesis

is a surgical procedure to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder

Arthroscopy

is the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

comminuted fracture

bone is crushed or splintered

compression fracture

when the bone is broken pressed together on itself

Crepitation

crackling sound when the ends of a broken bone rub together

dual xray absorptiometry

X-ray of spine and hips to measure bone density

hemarthrosis

blood within a joint

hemopoietic

pertaining to formation of blood cells

Kyphosis

Abnormal increase in the outward curve of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side

Lordosis

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of lumbar spine

Lumbago

pain in lower back

orthotic

mechanical appliance , like a leg brace or stint, to compensate for, correct, or control impaired limb function

Osteoclasis

surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

Osteopenia

thinner than average blood density

Osteoporosis

Marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging

• porous bone means prone to fractures, ect

• metabolic bone disorder

Pagets disease

bone disease of unknown cause that is characterized by excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation

prosthesis

Artificial substitute for a diseased or missing body part

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Spina bifida

congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close complete around the spinal cord to protect it

Abduction

movement of the limb away from the midline of the body

Adduction

movement of a limb toward midline of the body

adhesion

band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

atrophy

weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures

circumduction

circular movement at the far end of a limb

electromyography

diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to a nerve stimulation

Exercise physiologist

specialist who works underneath a physical to develop, implement, and plan exercise movements and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness

Hemiparesis

slight paralysis of one side of the body

hemiplegia

total paralysis of one side of the body

myasthenia graves

chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles

myoparesis

weakness

paralysis

Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply.

• traumatic incidents

• diseases like stroke or polo

paraplegia

paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

physiatrist

is a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation

pronation

the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward

quadriplegia

paralysis below the neck

sarcopenia

age related reduction in skeletal muscle mass in the elderly

tenodesis

surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

tenolysis

freeing a tendon from adhesions

Bones

• living tissue that can repair itself

• made of collagen and calcium

• collagen = protein that provides a soft framework

• calcium = mineral that adds strength and hardness

Joints

point at which 2 or more bones are connected

Cartilage

lining that keeps bones from gaining against each other

ligaments

strong, elastic bands of tissue that join bones to other bones

Bursae

Bursa is fluid filled sac that cushions areas subject to friction

Axial skeleton ( the three main parts and 2 additional bones )

3 main parts: skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

2 additional bones: ossicles and hyoid bone

Ossicles

transmit vibrations from sound waves in ear

Hyoid bone

between chin and thyroid gland

attachment point for muscles of tongue, mouth, larynx, pharynx, and epiglottis

Vertebral column/spinal column

supports head and body and protects spinal cord

rib cage

protects heart and lungs

24 ribs, sternum ( breast bone ) , and 12 thoracic vertebrae of spinal column

Appendicular Skeleton ( info and what it includes )

• attached to the axial skeleton through joints and muscles

• support appendages

• Include: bones of upper extremities, shoulder girdle, bones of the lower extremities, pelvic girdle

Upper extremities

• bones of the shoulders, arms, forearms, writes, hands, and fingers

Shoulder girdle / pectoral girdle

mobile bones that connect to the arms on each side

lower limb extremities

bones of hips, legs, thighs, ankles, feet, and toes

Pelvic Girdle

immobile, weight bearing structure that provides strong foundation for upper body

rests on top of mobile lower limbs

Parietal bones

two bones that sit at the top and side of the head.

Maxillary bones

2 fused mid facial bones that form upper jaw, support teeth, help from eye sockets , hard palate, and nose

carpals

bones that form the wrist and connect forearm to hand

Femur

thigh bone Largest bone in the body

Fibula

long bone on outer side of lower leg

Tibia

large, strong, weight bearing bone on front and inner side of the lower leg

shin bone

Illium

largest fan shaped bone of pelvis that forms the top part of the hip bone

sacrum

lower portion of back . base of spine. between illium

Pubis

forward and lower part of hipbone that’s part of the pubic bone

Acetabulum

Hip socket

Coccyx

tailbone.

Cervical

Seven vertebrae that form the neck

Disks

separate and cushion the vertebrae

Patella

Kneecap

Mandible

Jawbone

Calcaneus

heel bone

radius

bone in the fore arm

Malleolus

bony circle on sides of ankle

Symphysis

place where two bones are closely joined

orbits

bony sockets that protect each eyeball

Skeletal muscles / striated muscles

attached to the bones

under voluntary control

help movement

smooth muscles

• do not have striations ( stripes )

• make up walls of hollow organ ( stomach, uterus , etc )

• involuntary control

myocardial

• wall of heart

• contractions

• involuntary

Fascia

• dense connective tissue

• surround virtually every internal organ

• one continuous structure

• primarily determines shape of body

• made of collagen → allows muscle movement

Tendons

tough cords of tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones

Achilles tendon

largest tendon in the body

attaches calf muscle to the heel bone

Supination

rotations

ex:rotating an arm or leg so that the palm or sole turns upward

Flexion

joint movement that decreases angle ; bending the elbow and moving the hand toward the body

Elevation

raising or lifting a body part

( raising corner of a mouth to smile )

Pronation

rotation of an arm or leg inward

extension

straightening of a limb

depression

lowering of a body part

Dorsiflexion

Bends the foot upward

plantar flexion

bends foot downwards, toes away from shin

Pathological Fracture

Bone breaks in an area that is weakened by disease

Stress

small crack in a bone caused by overuse and repetitive activity

Closed

Broken bone doesn’t break the skin

Open

ends of the broken bone tear through the skin → higher risk of infection

Greenstick

bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into pieces

comminuted

bone is splintered or crushed into small pieces

spiral

at least one part of the bone has been twisted

oblique

the break occurs at an angle across the bone

transverse

the break occurs straight across the bone

colles’

a break of the radius bone close to the wrist that results from a fall onto an outstretched hand

hairline

the bone is broken in a thin crack. This type of fracture is hard to detect on a routine x-ray.

Osteoarthritis ( OA ) or Degenerative Joint Disease ( DJD )

over time, gradual loss of cartilage from joints.

advancing age is risk factor

Rheumatoid arthritis.( RA )

autoimmune disease, immune system attacks joints with uncontrolled inflammation

commonly affects joins of hands, wrists, elbows, ect.