Congenital Heart Disease - Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects

This set of flashcards covers essential concepts related to Congenital Heart Disease, specifically focusing on Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects, their formation, associated conditions, and hemodynamic implications.

What are the three components of the Atrial Septum formation?

Septum Primum, Septum Secundum, Endocardial Cushion.

What percentage of congenital heart disease does Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) represent?

6 - 10% of all congenital heart disease.

What is the primary type of shunt seen in Atrial Septal Defects?

Predominantly left-to-right shunt.

What condition is associated with a communication between the left atrium and right atrium?

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD).

What physiologic changes occur due to a left-to-right shunt in ASD?

Dilation of the right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery.

Which syndrome is characterized by a common atrium?

Ellis van Creveld syndrome.

What is the most common type of Atrial Septal Defect?

Ostium Secundum (75%).

What physical examination finding indicates a left-to-right shunt?

Fixed splitting of S2.

When is a person typically asymptomatic with ASD?

Until middle to late adult years.

What does a right-to-left shunt in ASD indicate?

Severe pulmonary hypertension or right ventricular dysfunction.

What is the surgical treatment for significant ASD?

Surgical closure with a pericardial or Dacron patch.

What is the method to evaluate an ASD using color flow Doppler?

Determine the location, direction, and magnitude of the shunt.

What is Persistent Left SVC associated with?

Unroofed Coronary Sinus and an anomalous venous return.

What defines a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?

A communication between the left and right ventricles.

What is the most common type of VSD?

Perimembranous VSD (80%).

What are the three categories of VSDs based on size?

Small (restrictive), Moderate, Large (unrestrictive).

What is the physiological effect of VSD?

Left ventricular volume overload and increased pulmonary blood flow.

What is essential for assessing the hemodynamic significance of a VSD?

Calculating the Qp/Qs ratio.

What does a Qp/Qs ratio greater than 1.5 indicate?

A hemodynamically significant shunt.

What is the common association with Atrioventricular Canal Defect?

Down syndrome.

What symptoms are common with Atrioventricular Canal defects?

Congestive heart failure, dyspnea, fatigue, and apical systolic thrill.

What is the typical treatment for Atrioventricular Canal defects?

Closure of ASD and VSD, and reconstruction of cleft AV valves.