APUSH Chapter 10

According to the text, why did Americans face an uphill battle in constructing and following a new Constitution?

Because they had a decade of lawbreaking and constitution smashing

At what rate was the Republic growing in 1789?

Population was doubling about every twenty-five years.

3. What was the population of the United States in 1790? Why do we know this number?

4 million; US Constitution requires a census every 10 years

Despite the flourishing cities, what percentage of the population lived in rural areas?

90%

What will be the first state to enter the union after the original thirteen?

Vermont

What was unique about George Washington's Electoral College victory in 1789 compared to all other presidents? How was he elected?

Only unanimous nomination; Only the Electors voted...the common man didn't vote until 1824.

What qualities did Washington possess which helped make him our "Father of our Country"?

6 feet 2 inches and in good shape (never over 200lbs), broad and sloping shoulders, didn't angle for the office, commanded with strength of character rather than by arts of a politician.

What famous quote is associated with Washington concerning "firsts"?

First in War. First in Peace. First in the hearts of his countrymen.

Why did Washington create his cabinet?

He knew the duties of the President was too overwhelming for one individual. You must have advisors to be successful.

Which branch of the government created the first three cabinet positions?

Legislative Branch

What were the first three cabinet positions and were their Secretaries?

State—Thomas Jefferson, Treasury—Alexander Hamilton, War—Henry Knox

How many cabinet positions do we presently have (can't trust the book, because it's missing The Department of Homeland Security)?

17

How were 26 of the 27 Constitutional Amendments ratified?

2/3 vote of both houses of Congress and ¾ vote by state legislatures.

What is unique about James Madison creating both the Constitution and the Bill of Rights?

One was a strong centralized government and the other was meant to protect individuals from that same strong central government.

List the first ten amendments and what they protect. What two amendments were never ratified? What was the purpose for the creation of the bill of rights?

First Amendment - Freedom of Religion: Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause, freedom of speech, of the press, and of assembly; right to petition

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Second Amendment - Militia (United States), Sovereign state, Right to keep and bear arms.

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.[57]

Third Amendment - Protection from quartering of troops.

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Fourth Amendment - Protection from unreasonable search and seizure.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Fifth Amendment - due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, eminent domain.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Sixth Amendment - Trial by jury and rights of the accused; Confrontation Clause, speedy trial, public trial, right to counsel

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.

Seventh Amendment - Civil trial by jury.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Eighth Amendment - Prohibition of excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Ninth Amendment - Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Constitution.

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Tenth Amendment - Powers of States and people.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Proposed amendments not passed with Bill of Rights

Article I - Apportionment.

After the enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred representatives, nor less than one representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than two hundred representatives, nor more than one representative for every fifty thousand persons.

Article II (ratified in 1992 as Twenty-seventh Amendment) - Congressional pay raises.

No law varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 create?

Federal courts and the Supreme Court

How many members did SCOTUS originally have?

6—9

How were Jefferson and Hamilton's views different concerning government?

Jefferson wanted a farmers paradise with a very small central government. Hamiltonian democracy says that America should be a cosmopolitan, commercial and industrial place (which it is...we are a Hamiltonian paradise)

What does E Pluribus Unum mean?

Out of Many, One

What is the motto of the US?

E Pluribus Unum

Why did Alexander Hamilton favor a national debt? How as Hamilton going to pay for the debt?

The more creditors to whom the government owed money, the more people there would be with a personal stake in the success of the US; Tariffs and internal taxes (excise taxes).

What did the Compromise of 1790 (first of three compromises every thirty years to try and prevent a Civil War) do?

Allowed for the assumption of all public debt by the States during the American Revolution (opposed by Southerners), Allowed for the creation of an excise tax on alcohol, Creation of the Bank of the United States, and located the capital of the United States in the South (Virginia and Maryland).

Which excise tax will cause Washington to deploy the National Army? Where was the rebellion?

Excise tax on Whiskey. Pennsylvania

What is Hamilton's rationale for the creation of a Bank of the United States?

It would provide needed paper money and thus provide a sound and stable national currency

According to Thomas Jefferson, which Amendment to the Constitution prohibited the federal government from creating a Bank of the United States?

10th

Which clause will be used to justify the creation of the Bank of the United States?

Necessary and Proper Clause or elastic clause

Which type of power allowed Congress to create the Bank of the United States?

implied

What type of interpretation of the Constitution did Hamilton use in the creation of the Bank of the United States? Which interpretation did Jefferson want used?

Loose—Strict

How long was the Bank of the United States first chartered for?

Twenty years

What is "Old Monongahela Rye"?

Rye and corn alcohol produced in PA

What was the cry by PA citizens concerning the Whiskey tax?

"Liberty and No Excise"

This political party is most associated with Alexander Hamilton?

Federalists

In what year did the modern day Democratic Party evolve?

1832 (2nd term of Andrew Jackson)

In what year did the modern day Republican Party evolve?

1854

During what time period was there one party conscience?

Ghent Nationalism (1816 - 1820) According to Hjort (I will talk about it more in class)

In what Presidential election did we see the death of the Federalist Party? Who was elected president?

1816 James Madison

What was the major cause of the death of the Federalist Party (not in this chapter)?

Their opposition to the War of 1812 and the Hartford Convention (1st discussion of succession from the United States before the Civil War).

How did the Founding Fathers envision political parties?

They didn't.

What type of party system do we have in the United States?

Two-Party

Which political party would have supported the French Revolution?

Democratic-Republicans

What surprising proclamation did Washington make in 1793 and what did it concern?

Neutrality in the war between Britain and France. Surprising because the French had helped us 15 years prior in the Am. Rev.

Who was Citizen Edmond Genêt?

French representative who landed in South Carolina trying to drum up support for the French in their war against Britain

What was Citizen Genêt's major mistake (not addressed in the chapter)?

Skipped Washington before others

How did Washington's neutrality help US trade?

The British fleets would have blockaded the American coasts and cut off supplies.

How did the British upset the Americans in the French West Indies?

Seized about three hundred merchant ships, impressed scores of seamen into service on British vessels, and threw hundreds of others into foul dungeons.

Why did the Federalists refuse to challenge the British after the many things they did to the Americans?

Most Federalists were northerners and their business ties were with the British.

What promise did the British make in Jay's treaty—again?

Promised to evacuate the chain of posts on US soil.

What other concession did the British make in Jay's treaty?

Pay damages for the recent seizures of American ships

Which provision left out of Jay's treaty upset Americans?

Did not address future maritime seizures and impressments.

What unintended consequence did Jay's treaty have upon party politics?

Vitalized the Democratic-Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson

Which treaty was signed between the US and Spain granting the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida?

Pinckney's

What tradition established by Washington would last until the 1940s?

Two-term limit

Which president broke with Washington's tradition?

FDR

What type of alliances did Washington favor?

Temporary or extraordinary

Which amendment will term limit the President?

22nd

What two major goals had Washington accomplished in his presidency according to the text?

Kept the nation out of both overseas entanglements and foreign wars

57. What was unique about the election results of the election of 1796 concerning the President and VP?

Adams will be elected, but his opponent, Thomas Jefferson will be elected VP

What nickname did his critics use in describing John Adams?

His Rotundity

Who did John Adams regard as "the most ruthless, impatient, artful, indefatigable and unprincipled intriguer in the US, if not the world."?

Alexander Hamilton

The war faction of the Federalist party was referred to as

The "High Federalists"

This event caused an unofficial war between the United States and France?

XYZ Affair

John Adams sent Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry to represent the United States before the French government. XYZ required the following concessions: France be paid $50,000 pounds sterling, a $12 million loan from the United States, a $250,000 personal bribe to French foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, and a formal apology for comments made by President John Adams.

When Congress demanded to see the documents, Adams gave them copies with the real names of the Frenchmen coded X, Y and Z.

Who were XYZ?

X was Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer, Y was Pierre Bellamy, and Z was Lucien Hauteval who represented France. They were asking for concessions from the American reps.

What famous cry came out of the XYZ Affair? Why is the XYZ Affair considered important?

"Millions for defense, sir, but not one cent for tribute (bribes)!"; The United States avoided a full blown war with France.

What was the purposes of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798?

Alien Acts: They doubled the number of years of naturalization (7 to 14 years) to become a US citizen (purpose: to prevent more immigrants from becoming new US citizens and preserve the Federalist dominated government).

Sedition Acts: made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or certain officials.

What two documents will be written by Jefferson and Madison concerning the Federalist witch-hunt?

Jefferson = Kentucky and Madison = Virginia Resolutions

What policy will these two documents create which will be used in the mid-1800s concerning slavery?

The policy of nullification of a federal law by State government.

Why did Hamiltonians distrust full-blown democracy?

Feared the "swayability" of the untutored common folks

Which presidential candidate was called a godless heathen?

Thomas Jefferson

Place the following in Chronological Order: Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, First official census, XYZ affair, Washington reelected president, Judiciary Act of 1789, Convention of 1800, Battle of Fallen Timbers

Judiciary Act, First official census, Washington reelected, Battle of Fallen, XYZ affair, Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, Convention of 1800.