A&P Test #1: Skeletal System

dense hard bone

compact bone

shafts of long bones

compact bone

outer surfaces of other bones

compact bone

haversian system (osteon) microscopic unit

compact bone

cancellous bone

spongy bone

arranged in plates called trabeculae

spongy bone

swiss cheese appearance

spongy bone

short, flat, and irregular bones

spongy bone

contains the bone marrow

spongy bone

shaft of long bones

diaphysis

provides strength

diaphysis

ends of long bone

epiphysis

covered by articular cartilage

epiphysis

growth plate

epiphyseal disc

site of longitudinal growth

growth plate

cartilage containing

epiphyseal disc

hollow center of the diaphysis

medullary cavity

filled with yellow marrow in an adult

medullary cavity

storage for fat in the adult

medullary cavity

lining of the medullary cavity

endosteum

outer lining of long bone

periosteum

point of attachment for muscles

periosteum

carries blood vessels to underlying bone

periosteum

found on the outer surfaces of the epiphysis

articular cartilage

reduces friction within a joint (articulation)

articular cartilage

when bone replaces membranes

intramembranous (intermembranous) ossification

when bone replaces cartilage

endochondral (intracartilaginous) ossification

stimulates growth of the epiphyseal disc

growth hormone

stimulates the epiphyseal disc to fuse

estrogen & testosterone

secrete calcium and other mineral into the spaces between the connective tissue membrane

osteoblasts

builds new bone

osteoblasts

break down bone cells lining the medullary cavity

osteoclasts

bone resorption

osteoclasts

serve as points of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments: from joints

projections

provides the routes that carry blood vessels and nerves: from joints

depressions

site where bones meet

articulations

holds bones together and provides flexibility to the skeleton

joints (articulations)

immovable

synarthrosis

slightly movable

amphiarthrosis

freely movable

diarthrosis

unique joint with limited movement

gomphosis

roots of the teeth

gomphosis

movement like a gate

hinge joint

movement around a central point

ball-and-socket joint

rotation around the length of a bone

pivot joint

allows for rotation

pivot joint

one articulating bone is concave, and the other articulating end is convex

saddle joint

allows for a wide range of motion

saddle joint

allows the other fingers to touch the tip of the thumb (opposition)

saddle joint

flat surfaces of the articulating bone

gliding joint

limited but complex gliding movement

gliding joint

oval surface of one bone fits into the oval depression of another bone

condyloid Joint

freely movable joints (diarthrodial)

synovial joints

found in the upper and lower limbs

synovial joints

contain a fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid

synovial joints

the joints contain a joint space or cavity which allows for a wide range of movement

synovial joints

protective covering over the ends of bone and provides a smooth surface within the joint

articular cartilage

fibrous connective tissue

joint capsule

encloses the joint in a strong sleeve-like structure

joint capsule

lining the joint capsule

synovial membrane

secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity

synovial membrane

lubricates the bones in the joint, thereby decreasing the friction within the joint

synovial fluid

small sacs of synovial fluid between the joint and the tendons that cross over the joints

bursae

allows the tendon to slide as the bone move

bursae

inflammation of the bursae

bursitis

occurs with overuse

tennis elbow

provide strength by reinforcing the joint

accessory (supporting) ligaments

these joints limit the motion in undesirable directions

accessory (supporting) ligaments

cresent shaped pads of fibrocartilage shock absorbers

meniscui (meniscus)

assist in weight distribution

meniscui (meniscus)

synovial joints contain many nerve endings that supply the articular capsule

nerves

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

tendon

may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball

tendon

serves to move the bone or structure

tendon

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

ligament

usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable

ligament

bending joint (decrease angle)

flexion

straightening of joint (increase angle)

extension

bending foot down (toe dancing)

plantar flexion

bending foot up toward leg

dorsiflexion

overextending the joint

hyperextension

bending the wrist towards the arm

hyperextension

combination of movement

circumduction

circular arm movement

circumduction

movement towards the midline of the body

adduction

movement away from midline of the body

abduction

turning the sole of the foot inward to face the opposite foot

inversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

eversion

turning the hand so the palm is faced upward

supination

turning the hand to the palm is facing downward

pronation