ch. 19 fluid and electrolyte balance

extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cell, body's internal environment

plasma

liquid part of the blood, carries nutrients and waste products through the body

interstitial fluid

fluid in the spaces between cells

transcellular fluid

specialized fluids found in specific compartments of the body

lymph, joint fluids, cerebrospinal fluid, eye humor

types of transcellular fluid

intracellular fluid

fluid within cells

water vapor

exhaled during breathing

sweating

fluid lost through the skin to regulate body temp

urine

primary mechanism for fluid regulation and waste elimination

regulating fluid intake

thirst mechanisms in the brain trigger fluid consumption

antidiuretic hormone

increases reabsorption of sodium and water into the bloodstream, reduces urine volume, increases ECF

primary homeostasis of body water

adjusting fluid output to match intake

secondary homeostasis of water

thirst drives to regulate fluid intake

exchange of fluid by blood

capillary blood pressure pushes water out of blood into interstitial fluid, blood protein concentration puts water into blood from interstitial fluid

dehydration

total volume of body fluids are less than normal

turgor

decrease in skins elasticity

overhydration

total volume of body fluids are greater than normal

water intoxication

results from rapidly drinking large volumes of water

nonelectrolytes

organic substances that do not dissociate in water

dissociate

when compounds break apart

electrolytes

compounds that dissociate into charged particles in water

cations

positively charged ions

potassium

a cation, vital for nerve and muscle function and intracellular fluid balance

sodium

cation, generates electrical signals in nerve impulses

anions

negatively charged ions

chloride

anion, helps maintain osmotic balance and acid-base equilibrium

bicarbonate

anion, crucial for buffering blood pH and maintaining acid-base balance

nerve conduction

enabling muscle fibers to contract and relax efficiently

142 mEq/L

normal plasma level

aldosterone

increases sodium reabsorption in kidney tubules, helps maintain fluid balance and blood pressure

recycling sodium

sodium is present in internal secretions and reabsorbed to conserve its levels in the body

homeostasis of electrolytes

ensuring intake and output of electrolytes remain stable to support cellular and physiological functions

hypernatremia

high sodium levels, result of dehydration, excessive salt intake or medical conditions

hyponatremia

deficient sodium in the blood, caused by overhydration, kidney issues or hormonal imbalances

hyperkalemia

excessive potassium in the blood, linked to kidney dysfunction or medication side effects

hypokalemia

deficient potassium in the blood, result from excessive loss through diarrhea or some diuretics

hypercalcemia

elevated blood calcium levels due to overactive parathyroid, cancer or some diuretics

hypocalcemia

low blood calcium, related to vitamin D deficiency, kidney disease or hormonal imbalances

edema

excessive fluid in the body tissues