Lab Exam (Eukaryotes/Prokaryotes/Osmosis/Digestion))

All cells have:

plasma membranes, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes.

The basic unit of life that carries out all the processes needed for an organism to live:

Cell

Function of a cell is to…:

take nutrients, produce energy, remove waste, grow/divide to make cells

Features of prokaryotic cells:

No nucleus, No membrane-bound organelles, Smaller and simpler

Features of eukaryotic cells

Have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, Larger and more complex

Used to enhance visibility of cells and structures under a microscope.
Examples: Gram stain, methylene blue, iodine stain: 

Staining techniques

Bacterial cell shapes (spherical): 

Coccus (cocci)

Bacterial cell shapes (rod-shaped): 

Bacillus (bacilli)

Bacterial cell shapes (spiral-shaped): 

Spirillum (spirilla)

A drop of oil placed between the slide and the 100× lens to increase resolution and reduce light refraction.

Oil immersion technique

The substance dissolved (e.g., salt, sugar)

Solute

The substance doing the dissolving (usually water)

Solvent

A mixture of solute and solvent.

Solution

Movement of molecules from high concentration → low concentration

Diffusion

Cell shrinks (crenates): 

Hypertonic

Cell swells or bursts:

Hypotonic

No net change

Isotonic

What is Hyper/Hypo/Iso’s importance to the cell?:

Maintains water balance and homeostasis; prevents cell damage due to osmotic pressure.

Components of food (build and repair tissues):

Proteins

Components of food (store energy, cell membranes):

Lipids

Components of food (genetic material):

Nucleic acids

Components of food (regulate processes): 

Water & minerals

Digestive system diagram

(mechanical digestion; salivary amylase breaks down starch):

Mouth

Digestive system diagram

(moves food to stomach):

Esophagus

Digestive system diagram

(secretes acid and pepsin for protein digestion):

Stomach

Digestive system diagram

(main site of nutrient absorption):

Small intestine

Digestive system diagram

(absorbs water and forms feces): 

Large intestine

Digestive system diagram

(produces bile (breaks down fats)):

Liver

Digestive system diagram

(secretes digestive enzymes):

Pancreas

Digestive system diagram

(stores bile):

Gallbladder

Digestive system diagram

(Biological catalysts that speed up reactions):

Enzymes

Factors affecting enzyme activity

(too high = denaturation):

Temperature

Factors affecting enzyme activity

(Each enzyme has an optimal _____):

pH

Factors affecting enzyme activity

(affects reaction rate):

Substrate concentration