Common Feedstuffs-Concentrates Part 1

Cereal Grains

contain large quantities of carbohydrates, most are processed in some manner (creating by-products)

-less than 20% CP, less than 18% fiber

-high energy, low fiber, low CP

Common Cereal Grains

-corn

-sorghum grain (milo)

-oats

-barley

-rye

-wheat

-rice

-millet

-triticale

Corn

widely used in the US for animals (rarely used for humans- unlike Mexico)

Corn Limitations

Low in Ca, Lysine, Tryptophan

-white corn is lower cryptoxanthin (vitamin A precursor)

White Corn

preferred by UK

-has less cryptoxanthin (vitamin A precursor)

Sorghum Grain (Milo)

95-98% feeding value of corn for monogastric (must be processed)

85-90% corn (drought resistant value) for ruminants

-contains tannins

Cryptoxanthin

A natural carotenoid pigment and provitamin A,

Tannins

toxic factor in some feedstuff that affects crude protein digestion.

Oats

85% feed value of corn

-very palatable, high fiber feedstuff

-great for horses

Oat Groats

hulled oats, have 100% nutritive value of corn

Barley

88-90% feed value of corn for ruminants (most is used in brewing

80% of feed value of corn for monogastric (good for horses)

-limited for use in swine and poultry

4 More Common Grains Used in Animal Feed

1. Corn

2. Sorghum Grain (Milo)

3. Oats

4. Barley

Rye

least palatable of the grains

-ergot contamination possible

-used in brewing and distilling industries

Ergot

fungal toxin from rye

-may have caused salem witches

Wheat and Rice

crops mainly consumed by humans

-105% feed value of corn: milling by products used for livestock and wheat is used when priced competitively (contaminated or damaged)

Millet and Triticale

rye x wheat hybrid that is minimally used

-used in specialty markets (millet=bird seed)

Grain Milling By-Products

1. Corn Milling

2. Wheat Milling

3. Rice Milling

4. Oat Milling

5. Barley Milling and Malting

Wet Corn Milling

yields

-3.6 lb oil

-3.8 lb germ meal

-7.1 lb steep liquor

-1 lb lost

-67 lb starch

-5.3 lb gluten meal

-12.2 lb gluten feed

By-Products of Wet Corn Milling

corn gluten meal and corn gluten feed

Dry Corn Milling

separate hull, germ, and endosperm from these make grits, flakes, meal, flour, oil, and feeds

Wheat Milling

several passes through grinders, sifters, purifiers

-most is made into the flour and the rest becoems feed

By-Products of Wheat Milling

wheat middling, wheat bran, screenings, shorts

72%

How much of wheat milling is used for flour?

Rice Milling

rough or paddy rice -> grain -> brown rice -> inner bran (polishings) -> screenings

Screenings

small broken pieces that are a by-product of milling

Oat Milling

separated into groats and hulls (hulls are fed to ruminants)

Barley Milling and Malting

- milling is similar to others

- malting = wetted and germinated under strict conditions (minimize loss) -> dried to stop growth -> used in brewing industry

Malting

soaking grain in water and allowing it to germinate under strict conditions

-then dried and used for brewing

Other High Energy Feeds

1. sprouted grains

2. whole cottonseed

3. fats and oils

4. molasses

5. roots and tubers

Sprouted Grains

adverse moisture during harvesting - unsuitable for milling

Factors to Consider for Sprouted Grains

-possible presence of molds

-moisture content (cost per pound- paying for water or feed)

-storage problems

Whole Cottonseed

very high in TDN (95%) also 24% CP to be fed to mature ruminants only (gossypol)

4-7 lb

How much cottonseed can be fed to lactating dairy cattle per head per day?

less than 4 lb

How much cottonseed can be fed to weaned calves per head per day?

up to 7 lb

How much cottonseed can be fed to mature cows per head per day

Issues with Gossypol

can inhibit spermatogenesis

-all cotton is not created equal- seeds are more concentrated by gossypol than hulls

Fats and Oils

has 2.25x as much energy of carbohydrates

-must vegetable oils are used for human consumption (too expensive for livestock

Reasons for Using Fats and Oils

-increase caloric density

-control dust

-decrease wear and tear on equipment

-increase pelleting ease

-increase palatability

-uniform mix (decreases settling out)

-increase digestibility

Molasses

most comes from sugar cane industry (also beet, citrus, wood)

-very palatable

-decrease dustiness

-binder for pelleting

-good carrier (for urea)

Roots and Tubers

mostly by-products used in limited amounts due to high moisture

Roots

carrots, beets

Tubers

peanuts, potatoes