research kaplan (questions)

the most reliable means of obtaining nursing knowledge is through:

a. trial and error

b. tradition

c. scientific research

d. authority

c. scientific research

applied research

a. often leads to basic research

b. depends on the existence of healthy participants

c. usually occurs in a laboratory

d. is not usually based on an immediate practical need

a. often leads to basic research

the major reason for conducting nursing research is to

a. promote evidence-based care for patients/clients

b. promote the growth of the nursing profession

c. document the cost-effectiveness of nursing care

d. ensure accountability for nursing practice

a. promote evidence-based care for patients/clients

what statement explains how research is establishing credibility of nursing as a profession?

a. nursing has traditionally borrowed knowledge from the natural sciences

b. through research, nursing has been establishing a body of knowledge that is distinct from other professions

c. nurses were included on the Gallup Poll as professionals with an ethical standard

d. the nursing profession exists to provide service to society

b. through nursing research, nursing has been establishing a body of knowledge that is distinct from other professions

what type of research provides a statistical analysis of the relationships among variables?

a. quantitative research studies

b. qualitative research studies

c. a tightly controlled study

d. a cost-effectiveness study

a. quantitative research studies

describe the usual setting for research during a qualitative study

a. the setting is usually a remote place where the participant responds to a survey

b. a small number of participants usually share their information in a natural setting

c. large numbers of participants respond to computer-based surveys from their homes

d. a proctored and quiet test setting is used to collect information

b. a small number of participants usually share their information in a natural setting

what is a graduate of a practice-focused doctoral nursing program academically prepared to do? select all that apply.

a. use advanced leadership knowledge

b. evaluate research

c. translate research into practice

d. begin an independent program of resarch

e. carry out research

a. use advanced leadership knowledge

b. evaluate research

c. translate research into practice

all nurses should be able to

a. identify researchable problems for nursing research studies

b. explain the details of a medical research study to potential participants

c. determine when most study findings are ready for use in nursing practice

d. confidently critique the majority of published nursing research studies

a. identify researchable problems for nursing research studies

as nurses first began to receive advanced educational preparation and became qualified to conduct research, many of their studies concerned

a. nursing education

b. characteristics of nursing

c. nursing administration

d. nursing care

a. nursing education

first nursing research journal

a. nursing research

b. qualitative nursing research

c. clinical nursing research

d. biological research for nursing

a. nursing research

what person or organization is generally credited with starting the movement toward evidence-based practice?

a. archie cochrane

b. david sackett

c. cochrane collaboration

d. agency for healthcare quality and research

a. archie cochrane

identify the professional role of the person who introduced the concept of using evidence as a basis for practice decisions

a. an american nurse

b. a british epidemiologist

c. one the earliest male nurses

d. an australian who started the cochrane library

b. a british epidemiologist

which type of evidence is considered the gold standard for practice decisions?

a. survey evidence from patients following discharge from the hospital

b. responses from a patient during his or her history and physical assessment

c. evidence from randomized clinical trial research studies

d. evidence from the clinician’s clinical experiences

c. evidence from randomized clinical trial research studies

identify which concept within sigma theta tau international’s definition of EBP, seems most sensitive to the nurses’ role as a patient advocate.

a. the patient’s values

b. the best available evidence

c. a conscientious use of the best evidence

d. cost-effectiveness

a. the patient’s values

complete the statement that best describes an evidence-based practice (EBP). an EBP is based on evidence

a. and changes to practice over time

b. from multiple studies that agree with the clinician’s expert opinion

c. from combinations of research studies and the patient’s needs and desires

d. from a synthesis of studies and expert decisions that consider the patient’s circumstances and values

d. from a synthesis of studies and expert decisions that consider the patient’s circumstances and values

what is the overall goal of an evidence-based practice for nurses?

a. to improve patient outcomes with traditional nursing knowledge

b. to improve the effectiveness of processes and patient outcomes with the introduction of current knowledge into common care decisions

c. to explore how nursing expertise supports the best healthcare for patients

d. to introduce the knowledge gained from patient surveys into clinical decision making

b. to improve effectiveness of processes and patient outcomes with the introduction of current knowledge into common care decisions

identify which two entities recognize EBP in nursing as the best treatment plans for patient care.

a. cochrane library and the national guideline clearinghouse

b. david sackett and florence nightengale

c. joint commission and the american nurses credentialing center

d. AHRQ and the national quality strategy

c. joint commission and the american nurses credentialing center

select the outcome for the following PICOT statement: among patients with migraine headaches in the emergency room, how does the administration of an opioid medication compared with the administration of music therapy affect patient satisfaction at the time of discharge?

a. patients with migraine headaches

b. administration of opioid medication

c. administration of music therapy

d. patient satisfaction

d. patient satisfaction

which concepts have been responsible for revisions in the definitions of EBP?

a. evaluation of the process and structure of an EBP

b. cost-efficiency and the quality of healthcare

c. concerns about the patient and family desires

d. promotion of outcomes related to hierarchy of evidence

b. cost-efficiency and quality of healthcare

other than RCTs, what other type of research evidence should nurses consider for an EBP for clinical decisions?

a. qualitative

b. expert opinions

c. cost-containment data

d. traditional preferences

a. qualitative

what is an example of a knowledge-focused trigger for a change to clinical practice?

a. persistent incidence of pressure sores among hospitalized elderly patients

b. increases in complaints among patients with urinary retention

c. a medicare-based refusal to reimburse for catheter-associated urinary infections care

d. high incidence of fall rates among patients on antihypertensives

c. a medicare-based refusal to reimburse for catheter-associated urinary tract infections care

what is an example of a problem-focused trigger for a change to clinical practice?

a. HIPAA regulation to keep patient data secure from computer hackers

b. medicaid and medicare decision to collect patient satisfaction data

c. increasing incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia

d. center for disease control and prevention regulation to follow

c. increasing incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia

building a team to effectively implement a sustainable EBP should be supported by

a. an organizational culture for EBP

b. individuals who enjoy utilizing research findings

c. leaders who are experienced at implementing EBP

d. stakeholders who enjoy the benefits of EBP

a. an organizational culture for EBP

which of the following would NOT be included as a benefit for implementing an EBP?

a. high-quality patient care

b. less variation in practice standards

c. introduction of a newly patented device

d. reduced healthcare costs

c. introduction of a newly patented device

which type of evidence is most often considered as the highest of the hierarchy of evidence for practice decisions?

a. meta-analysis of multiple randomized clinical trials

b. a single well-controlled experimental study

c. consensus of opinion from a group of experts on the topic

d. case-control studies

a. meta-analysis of multiple randomized clinical trials

care bundles have been used

a. to reduce a problem-focused trigger

b. most often in critical care units

c. only in pilot studies

d. in emergency rooms

a. to reduce a problem-focused trigger

why are inadequate numbers of research studies considered to be a barrier to EBP?

a. there are not enough literature reviews that explain the existence of specific disorders

b. not enough studies have compared innovative strategies with usual care for patients

c. epidemiological databases do not reflect that the intended EBP is important

d. there are no case studies about the problem in the literature

b. not enough studies have compared innovative strategies with usual care for patients

why could there be resistance or barriers associated with the implementation of some clinical guidelines (CGs)?

a. CGs may fail to consider unique patient needs

b. CGs could be based on old research studies

c. CGs are not examples of quality healthcare interventions

d. CGs are never challenged

a. CGs may fail to consider unique patient needs

how could a librarian facilitate a committee that wishes to develop an EBP? a librarian could

a. interpret the research literature for the sake of future publications

b. help access the research articles that the committee wishes to critique

c. create outlines for possible plans for the EBP

d. provide a rubric for evaluating the evidence for the EBP

b. help access the research articles that the committee wishes to critique

how could professors from schools of nursing assist as facilitators of EBP in clinical settings? professors

a. can function as mentors to practice-based nurses for EBP projects

b. can establish the budgets for the resources that will facilitate EBP projects

c. can make recommendations about the vision, mission, and goal of the agency

d. are necessary contributors for the agency-based journal clubs

a. can function as mentors to practice-based nurses for EBP projects

what activities committed during WWII triggered the need for the nuremberg trials?

a. atrocities committed for the sake of research

b. abuses committed on military prisoners in Japan

c. atrocities committed in the labor camps in Germany

d. the need to establish guidelines for researchers

a. atrocities committed for the sake of research

which publication revealed the various types of experiments on biological warfare in Japan during WWII?

a. tuskegee study

b. the truth about unit 731

c. the nuremberg code

d. the universal declaration of human rights

b. the truth about unit 731

which popularly named principles for research subjects evolved from the belmont report?

a. to promote informed consent, risk assessments, and voluntary consent

b. conflict of interest, to avoid injury, and to promote benefit

c. the universal declaration of human rights

d. respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

d. respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

who must abide by the US department of health and human services federal policies (code of federal regulations 45 and 46) for conducting ethical research?

a. any researcher who receives scholarship money

b. any institution that receives federal money for research

c. researchers who study vulnerable human subjects

d. the office of human research and portions

b. any institution that receives federal money for research

according to federal policy, what characteristics of a research proposal need IRB review?

1. a systematic investigation with an intervention on an object that provides generalizable knowledge

2. an investigation with a research protocol that may change to provide safe care for patients

3. a systematic investigation with an intervention with identifiable information from a human subject that will contribute to generalizable knowledge

4. an investigation with a protocol that rests on best practice from unit to unit with a focus on outcomes that are collected by the electronic health record

3. a systematic investigation with an intervention with identifiable information from a human subject that will contribute to generalizable knowledge

When compared to a research study, quality improvement project findings would more likely be focused on

1. outcomes within a specific clinical setting.

2. new knowledge that can be translated to other populations of patients.

3. each of the human subjects and their families’ concerns.

4. curing a patient with a complex situation.

1. outcomes within a specific clinical setting

Which type of IRB review would be appropriate for research that focuses on a newborn patient?

1. exempt review

2. expedited review

3. full review

4. regular review

3. full review

Which is a required element of informed consent for a research subject?

1. a statement that provides a description of the corporate rewards associated with the study

2. a statement that provides a clear understanding of all of the rationales for the study

3. a promise of the expected results from the research intervention

4. a statement that describes how their information will be kept confidential

4. a statement that describes how their information will be kept confidential

A questionnaire is being used to gather data from the participants of the study. Identification numbers on the corner of the questionnaires correspond to the researcher’s master list of names and numbers. Respondents are assured that this information will not be shared with anyone. The researcher is trying to ensure

1. confidentiality

2. informed consent

3. anonymity

4. data security

1. confidentiality

Which of the following is least likely to be provided for subjects?

1. informed consent

2. anonymity

3. confidentiality

4. privacy

2. anonymity

What is the name of the process used to obtain a child’s agreement for participation in a study?

1. assent

2. consent of a minor

3. minor agreement

4. informed consen

1. assent

A friend has agreed to participate in a research study. She thinks she should automatically be sent a copy of the study results. You tell her:

1. The researcher should automatically send a copy of the study results to all participants.

2. Federal regulations require researchers to send a copy of the study results to all participants.

3. Study participants should be provided with the researcher’s contact information if a copy of the study results is desired.

4. A copy of the study abstract should be mailed to all participants within 6 weeks of completion of the study.

3. study participants should be provided with the researcher’s contact information if a copy of the study results is desired

What principle should guide nurses who are involved in research in the practice setting?

1. Assure human rights of participants throughout the research study.

2. Continue to encourage participation in the study.

3. Document any adverse events during the study.

4. Make certain that IRB has approved of the study.

1. assure human rights of participants throughout the research study

The researcher added answers to the places where there is missing data on the research subject’s questionnaire. Which term best describes this type of research misconduct?

1. plagiarism

2. data fabrication

3. data falsification

4. ghostwriting

2. data fabrication

There are suspicions of research misconduct in a study that is being carried out in a nurse’s clinical setting. What agency is responsible for investigating this type of activity?

1. the federal agency for the HIPPA Privacy Rule

2. the American Nurses Association

3. the Nursing and Midwifery Council

4. the Office of Research Integrity

4. the office of research integrity

Which situation could place a nurse researcher at risk of research misconduct?

1. when a nurse is funded by the manufacturer to test a device for healthcare

2. when a nurse waits for authorization from the patient to use his health data

3. when the researcher invites a colleague with mutual responsibility for the study to be a co-author of the written report.

4. when the researcher discloses a financial relationship with an industrial manufacturer

1. when a nurse is funded by the manufacturer to test a device for healthcare

What situation is an example of nurse advocating for the research participant?

1. The nurse reports the noncompliant behaviors of the participant.

2. The nurse tells the participant how others have had problems with the study.

3. The nurse takes extra time to explain more about the details of the study.

4. The nurse treats the subject as a personal friend.

3. the nurse takes extra time to explain more about the details of the study

How would a nurse who is not on the research team advocate for a research participant in the clinical setting?

1. Make the care of the patient be a priority over the research intervention.

2. Be prepared to evaluate the patient for any adverse effects of the research intervention.

3. Take responsibility of witnessing the informed consent.

4. Offer to collect data if the research team member is absent.

2. be prepared to evaluate the patient for any adverse effects of the research intervention

T/F: Researchers should fit their research question to the research method they prefer to use.

FALSW

T/F: The researcher exerts tight controls over the research situation in qualitative research.

FALSE

T/F: The steps to follow in quantitative research are firmly fixed and cannot be changed.

FALSE

T/F: Many research questions are appropriate for mixed methods research.

TRUE

T/F: Qualitative researchers are very concerned with the generalizability of their study findings.

FALSE

T/F: The number of participants is generally larger in qualitative research than in quantitative research.

FALSE

T/F: Communicating study results is an important step in the research process.

TRUE

Which statement is true when comparing qualitative research to quantitative research?

1. Qualitative research is easier to conduct than quantitative research.

2. The amount of data to be analyzed is usually greater in qualitative studies than in quantitative studies.

3. The amount of time needed to conduct a qualitative study is usually less than in a quantitative study.

4. Qualitative research focuses on an individual, whereas quantitative research focuses on a group.

4. qualitative research focuses on an individual, whereas quantitative research focuses on a group

Which data collection methods are the most appropriate for a qualitative study?

1. closed-ended questions and nonparticipant observations

2. participant observations and semistructured interviews

3. structured interviews and physiological measures closed-ended questions and structured interviews

4. All of these data-collection methods would probably be considered.

2. participant observations and semistructured interviews

When both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used simultaneously in the same study, this procedure is called:

1. mixed methods

2. meta-analysis

3. multitrait/multimethod

4. methodological plurality

1. mixed methods

Which statement is true?

1. Due to concerns of plagiarism, a research study should never be a replication of another study.

2. Research is an ongoing process that builds on previous knowledge.

3. Classic information rarely supports new research projects.

4. An original research study does not need a literature review.

2. research is an ongoing process that builds on previous knowledge

What is the difference between primary and secondary sources?

1. A primary source is a type of study that was first identified by the finding tool and the secondary sources are identified next

2. Primary sources are included in literature reviews but secondary sources are not important.

3. An article written by the researcher who conducted a study is a primary source and a secondary source is an article that summarizes and comments on the study.

4. A summary of research done on your study topic is a primary source and the original study is a secondary source.

3. an article written by the researcher who conducted a study is a primary source and a secondary source is an article that summarizes and comments on the study

Which terms help broaden and narrow your search strategy, select all that apply?

1. “and” 

2. “or”

3. “that”

4. “other”

1. “and”

2. “or”

Most research articles that appear in the journal Nursing Research are examples of what?

1. primary sources

2. secondary sources

3. meta-analysis studies

4. systematic reviews

1. primary sources

When conducting a review of literature on the computer, your strategy should be working:

1. General to specific

2. Specific to general

3. Over two hours

4. Less than two hours

1. general to specific

Which database most helpful for finding the best nursing research?

1. Bing

2. Scirus

3. Google Scholar

4. CINAHL

4. CINAHL

The basic building block of a theory is a:

1. concept

2. conceptual models.

3. conceptual frameworks.

4. practice models.

1. concept

A philosophical worldview or a set of beliefs about nature and reality that shape decisions and practices is called a

1. framework.

2. theory.

3. paradigm.

4. metaparadigm.

3. paradigm

Which of the following is not one of the common concepts that are included in nearly all of the nursing conceptual models?

1. person

2. environment

3. death

4. health

3. death

An example of a middle-range theory is

1. Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory.

2. Parse’s Human Becoming Theory.

3. Pender’s Health Promotion Model.

4. Roy’s Adaptation Model.

3. pender’s health promotion model

Nursing research has used which reasoning process?

1. inductive

2. deductive

3. both inductive and deductive

4. neither inductive nor deductive

3. both inductive and deductive

Which statement regarding theory is false?

1. It proves the relationship between variables.

2. It describes the relationship between variables.

3. It explains the relationship between variables.

4. It contains propositional statements.

1. it proves the relationship between variables

The main purpose of a hypothesis in a research study is to

1. predict the expected results or outcome of a study.

2. define the theoretical framework for the study.

3. identify the source of the problem under study.

4. clarify the concepts used in the study.

1. predict the expected results or outcomes of a study

Which of the following hypotheses is a null hypothesis?

1. Older adults demonstrate a lower self-image after retirement than before retirement.

2. The job turnover rate and job dissatisfaction levels of graduate nurses who have worked less than 2 years is higher than for those who have worked 2 or more years.

3. New mothers who participate in support groups report less postpartum depression and higher self-confidence than new mothers who do not attend support groups.

4. There is no relationship of marijuana usage among first-year high school students than among high school seniors.

4. There is no relationship of marijuana usage among first-year high school students than among high school seniors.

“Preoperative pain medication education is more effective in reducing surgical patients’ perception of pain and anxiety postoperatively than no preoperative pain medication education.” What type of variable is “anxiety”?

1. independent

2. extraneous

3. dependent

4. confounding

3. dependent

Which of the following are requirements in the structure of a hypothesis? (Select all that apply.)

1. written in present tense

2. written as a question

3. contains the population of interest

4. contains the independent and dependent variables

5. contains the statistical test to be applied

1. written in present tense

3. contains the population of interest

4. contains the independent and dependent variables

If a nurse researcher wanted to examine if there is decrease in the number of medication errors in a pediatric clinic when nurses use prefilled syringes for vaccines, which would be the best hypothesis statement?

1. The use of prefilled syringes will have an effect on medication errors for pediatric clinic patients when compared to the use of nurse-prepared syringes.

2. Will the use of prefilled syringes have an effect on medication errors for pediatric clinic patients when compared to the use of nurse-prepared syringes?

3. The use of prefilled syringes will result in decreased medication errors for pediatric clinic patients when compared to the use of nurse-prepared syringes.

4. Will the use of prefilled syringes result in decreased medication errors for pediatric clinic patients when compared to the use of nurse-prepared syringes?

3. `The use of prefilled syringes will result in decreased medication errors for pediatric clinic patients when compared to the use of nurse-prepared syringes.

What threat to internal or external validity does this statement suggest: “It’s a good thing that I’m in this new diet study. I couldn’t believe it when the researcher told me that I was 10 lbs. overweight.”

1. History

2. Testing

3. Selection bias

4. Hawthorne effect

3. selection bias

What threat to internal or external validity does this statement suggest from a study participant: “I gained 15 pounds during this study.”

1. History

2. Maturation

3. Selection bias

4. Hawthorne effect

2. maturation

What threat to internal or external validity does this statement suggest: “That researcher scares me. I guess I’d better act like he wants me to act.”

1. History

2. Testing

3. Selection bias

4. Hawthorne effect

4. hawthorne effect

Which item distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental research?

1. size of sample

2. use of a nonprobability sample

3. random assignment of subjects to groups

4. introduction of an experimental treatment

3. random assignment of subjects to groups

What are the four major types of quantitative research designs? Select all that apply:

1. Descriptive

2. Correlational

3. Quasi-experimental

4. Experimental

5. Cross-over

6. Lateral

1. Descriptive

2. Correlational

3. Quasi-experimental

4. Experimental

T/F: Phenomenology is concerned with creating a theory that is grounded in research data.

FALSE

T/F: The researcher who identifies and sets aside personal beliefs about the subject of the study is engaging in reflexivity or self-reflection.

FALSE

T/F: Ethnographic studies involve the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups.

TRUE

T/F: When a researcher is interested in an area in which little research has been done or in which existing theories are not sufficient, grounded theory studies are a good choice.

TRUE

T/F: When data collection and data analysis occur simultaneously, the researcher is using the constant comparison method of data analysis.

TRUE

T/F: The number of subjects is generally larger in qualitative research than in quantitative research.

FALSE

T/F: Because healthcare is complex, mixed methods research is increasingly popular as a way to explore complex problems that influence health and health outcomes.

TRUE

Which statement is true when describing sequential exploratory mixed methods?

1. This method involves choosing participants who can fill in gaps in the data.

2. This method involves collecting qualitative data after analyzing quantitative data to explain quantitative findings.

3. This method involves collecting qualitative and qualitative data simultaneously.

4. This method involves an initial period of qualitative data collection and analysis followed by a quantitative data collection and analysis.

2. This method involves collecting qualitative data after analyzing quantitative data to explain quantitative findings.

If a researcher were planning a qualitative study, which data-collection methods would most likely be considered? Select all that apply.

1. closed-ended questions and non participant observations

2. participant observations and semistructured interviews

3. structured interviews and physiological measures

4. closed-ended questions and structured interviews

5. All of these data collections methods would probably be considered.

2. participant observations and semistructured interviews

Consider the study title, “The Lived Experience of Long-Term Complications from a Football-Related Concussion.” Which design is most likely for this title?

1. grounded theory

2. action research

3. phenomenology

4. case study

3. phenomenology

The clients in the hypertension clinics of two local hospitals are studied.

1. Convenience

2. Cluster

3. Systematic random sampling

4. Quota sampling

5. Simple random sampling

6. Snowball sampling

1. convenience

A total of 20 nursing service administrators are randomly selected from a random sample of 10 hospitals in the state.

1. Convenience

2. Cluster

3. Systematic random sampling

4. Quota sampling

5. Simple random sampling

6. Snowball sampling

2. cluster

To obtain mothers of children with cystic fibrosis, a researcher contacted one such mother who lived in her neighborhood and asked her if she knew any other mothers of children with cystic fibrosis.

1. Convenience

2. Cluster

3. Systematic random sampling

4. Quota sampling

5. Simple random sampling

6. Snowball sampling

6. snowball sampling

Every fifth nurse is randomly selected from the mailing list of the American Nurses Association.

1. Convenience

2. Cluster

3. Systematic random sampling

4. Quota sampling

5. Simple random samp

3. systematic random sampling

To determine the frequency of the recording of nursing diagnoses by nurses, a sample of 100 charts is randomly selected from all of the patients’ charts during the previous year

1. Convenience

2. Cluster

3. Systematic random sampling

4. Quota sampling

5. Simple random sampling

6. Snowball sampling

5. Simple random sampling

Select the answer that provides the best example of the highest level of measurement for pain.

1. Pain is mild, moderate, or severe.

2. Pain is absent or pain is present.

3. Pain is a 5 on a scale of 0 to 10.

4. Pain is described as stabbing, sharp, or dull.

3. pain is a 5 on a scale of 0 to 10

Select a valid example of a concept that describes the nominal level of measurement

1. Political affiliation

2. the amount of money in a bank account

3. a baby’s age at birth

4. the baby’s weight at birth

1. political affiliation

Order of Level of Measurement:

1. Ordinal, nominal, interval, ratio.

2. Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio.

3. Nominal, interval, ordinal, ratio

4. Ordinal, nominal, ratio, interval.

2. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Which measure of central tendency would most appropriately describe the average pulse rates of a group of hospitalized patients?

1. mode

2. median

3. mean

4. correlations

3. mean

Which graph is best to show correlational data/relationships between variables:

1. scatter plots

2. bar graph

3. distribution curve

4. histogram

1. scatter plots