Chapter 3 - The Cell Lecture

Robert Hooke

was an English scientist from London, England that was the first person to identify a dead cork cell. He gave it the name “Cell’.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

This Dutch scientist was the first person to view a living cell

Matthias Schleiden

This German botanist concluded that all plants are composed of cells

Theodore Schwann

This German zoologist concluded that all animals are composed of cells

Rudolph Virchow

This German physician stated that all cells come from existing cells

Cell Theory A

All organisms are composed of one or more cells

Cell Theory B

The cell is the basic unit of life

Cell Theory C

All cells come from preexisting cells

Prokaryotes

these are unicellular organisms (“One Cell”) that do not contain membrane bound structures. (Example: Bacteria)

Eukaryotic

found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. These cells contain membrane bound organelles.

Plasma Membrane (Cell membrane)

maintains the wholeness of the cell and controls everything that goes into and out of the cell

Selective permeable

membrane that only allows select substances to enter the cell, while keeping others out

Permeable

allow free passage of all substances into the cell

Transport Proteins

Serve as channels for substances to enter the cell

Nucleus

is considered the control center of the cell

Chromatin

located inside the nucleus. This is strands of the genetic material, DNA. This transforms into chromosomes.

Nucleolus

located inside the nucleus, this synthesis ribosomes

Ribosomes

assembles enzymes and proteins

Cytoplasm

clear, gelatinous fluid inside the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

forms a transport system between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Two types of E.R. “Rough” and “Smooth”

Golgi Apparatus

(Golgi Body, Golgi Complex) packages protein molecules for secretion

Vacuoles

“Vesicles” are formed by the process of endocytosis. These store materials that have recently entered the cell

Lysosomes

are vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles

Mitochondria

These transform food molecules into a usable form of energy (ATP)

Cytoskeleton

gives the cell support and provides a framework to aide in inner movements

Microtubles

are thin, hollow cylinders made of protein fibers.

Microfilaments

are thick, solid proteins fibers

Cilla

are many hairlike projections that move in a wavelike motion

Flagella

a whip-like structure that aids in movement

Diffusion

the movements of molecules from a higher concentration towards a lower concentration. NO ENERGY REQUIRED!!!!

Equilibrium

the state of balance between two opposing forces

facilitated

the movement of molecules from a higher concentration towards a lower concentration that requires special carrier molecules. NO ENERGY REQUIRED!!!

osmosis

the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from a higher concentration towards a lower concentration. NO ENERGY REQUIRED!!!

hypertonic solution

water molecules are greater inside the cell than the solution’s concentration. This causes the cells to shrink

hypotonic solution

water molecules are greater in the solution’s concentration than inside the cell. This causes the cell to swell.

Isotonic solution

water molecules move in and out of the cell. There is no net gain. The cell stays the same size

osmotic pressure

the amount of pressure needed to stop osmosis

filtration

the movement of molecules from a greater concentration towards a lesser concentration that requires hydrostatic pressure (pressure from a liquid) NO ENERGY REQUIRED!!!!!

Active transport

movement of molecules from a lesser concentration towards a greater concentration, that REQUIRES ENERGY

Endocytosis

The process that forms a vacuole! This REQUIRES ENERGY!!!

Pinocytosis

Liquid endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Solid endocytosis

Exocytosis

The process of hormones and/or substances exiting the cell

Interphase

This is the longest part of the cell cycle, and it is divided into three main parts.

G1 STAGE

when the cell grows and develops and new proteins are made.

S STAGE

the chromosomes replicate in the nucleus to form a new set of identical chromosomes so that when the cell divides, each new cell will have the correct number of chromosomes.

G 2 STAGE

The cell is getting ready for mitosis and is making RNA and proteins that will be needed when the cell divides.

Mitosis

The division of the nucleus! “One diploid cell divides to form two identical diploid cells”

Prophase

The chromatin coils up, shortens, and thickens. The nuclear envelope begins to disappear and the chromosomes are visible

Metaphase

The chromosomes line up at the middle of the nucleus

Anaphase

The chromosomes are in pairs called chromatids, and they pull apart to opposite sides of the cells.

Telephase

The new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes

Cytokinesis

“CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION” - when the entire cell divides

Cell differentiation

when the cell grows and develops unique structures to perform its specific functions

DNA molecules

contain information that instruct a cell how to synthesize proteins.

DNA information

passed from parents to offspring

Gene

is a portion of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for making one kind of protein.

double helix

Structure of DNA MOLECULE

adenine (A)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

Contains 4 organic nucleotides or “bases”

Strand of DNA

consists of nucleotides arranged in a particular sequence

thymine

Adenine will ONLY bond to

adenine

Thymine will ONLY bond to

guanine

cytosine will ONLY bond to

cytosine

Guanine will ONLY bond to

sugar phosphate backbone

Nucleotides of DNA strands are joined to form a

weak hydrogen bond

The nucleotides are held together by a

messenger RNA (mRNA)

genetic information is transfered from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by

RNA molecules

Single strand of nucleotides are made up by

Ribose sugar

RNA molecules contains ___________ instead of Deoxyribose Sugar

adenine (A)

cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

uracil (U)

Contains 4 nucleotides (bases) for RNA molecules:

Adenine (A)

Uracil will ONLY bond to

ribosome (rRNA)

After copying a section of DNA, information, a mRNA molecule moves out of the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm (tRNA). There it becomes associated with

transcription

is the process by which DNA molecules information is copied into the structure of mRNA

codon

a set of three nucleotides of mRNA molecule

translation

is the process by which messenger RNA is used in the synthesis of protein

transfer

is a molecule of RNA that carries an amino acid to a ribosome in the process of protein synthesis. Amino Acids release from the tRNA molecules become joined together and form a protein molecule with a unique shape.

interphase of the cell’s life cyle

DNA molecules are replicated during

one old strand and one new strand of DNA

Each new DNA molecules contains