Nurse Cheung ATI TEAS 7 Science - Scientific Reasoning

Standard Measurements

Used in the United States to measure length, weight, and capacity.

Standard Measurements: Length

Inches, feet, yards, miles.

Standard Measurements: Weight

Ounces, pounds.

Standard Measurements: Capacity

Teaspoon, tablespoon, cups, pints, quarts, and gallons.

Metric Measurements

Used throughout the rest of the world to measure length, weight, and capacity.

Metric Measurements: Length

Meters

Metric Measurements: Weight

Grams

Metric Measurements: Capacity

Liters

1 Foot

12 inches

1 Yard

3 feet; 36 inches

1 Mile

1,760 yards ; 5,280 feet; 63,360 inches

1 Pound

16 ounces

1 Gallon

4 quarts; 8 pints; 16 cups

4 Quart

8 pints; 16 cups

8 Pints

16 cups

1 Tablespoon

3 teaspoons

Standard Measurment: Common Conversions

Metric Conversion Pneumonic

King Henry Doesn't Usually Drink Cold Milk

- Moving to the left you MULTIPLY!

- Moving to the right you DIVIDE!

1 Kilogram (kg)

2.2 pounds (lbs)

1 Ich (in)

2.54 centimeters (cm)

1 Meter (m)

3.28 feet (ft)

1 Ounce (oz)

28.35 grams (g)

1 Mile (mi)

1.6 kilometers (km)

Converting from right to left: DIVIDE

Converting from left to right: MULTIPLY

Scientistic Measurement & Tools: Length and Distance

1. Ruler: measuring short, straight distances (length of pencil or book).

- 30 cm or 12 in

2. Tape Measure: measuring longer distances (length of a door or room).

- up to 25 feet

3. Calipers: precision instrument, measure the dimensions of smaller objects (diameter of ball bearing or thickness of a sheet metal).

Scientistic Measurement & Tools: Mass

1. Balance Scale: compares the mass of two objects (used in classrooms).

2. Digital Scale: precise measurement of the mass of an object. (used for ingredients in a recipe or chemicals in a Labatory).

3. Spring Scale: weight of an object using a force of gravity (used in grocery store to weigh produce).

Scientistic Measurement & Tools: Volume

1. Graduated Cylinder: measure volume of liquids with a high degree of accuracy in milliliters to liters (used in laboratories).

2. Measuring Cup: Measure liquids and solids (for baking and cooking purposes).

3. Pipette: to measure and transfer small amounts of liquids typically in milliliters or smaller (used in chemistry and biology).

How to scale measurements using the metric system:

Empirical Evidence

Information that is obtained through observation, experimentation, or other investigation processes.

- Used to support or counter a proposition, hypothesis, claim or statement.

- Needs to be observable and measurable.

Quanlitative

Involve descriptive or quality type of data.

- Found through observation of:

1. patterns

2. colors

3. textures

4. behaviors

Quantitative

Numerical data that is used to quantify variables and compare measurements.

- Found when it comes to:

1. length

2. height

3. frequency

4. quantity

Independent Variables

When a researcher manipulates to observe their effects on other variables.

- "THE CAUSE"

- INPUT

EXAMPLE: amount of sunlight a plant will receive during an experiment (full sun, partial sun, or full shade).

Dependent Variables

Measured to show how they respond to changes with the independent variable.

- THE "EFFECT"

- OUTPUT

EXAMPLE: plant growth in an experiment.

Controlled Variables

Conditions that are maintained consistently to ensure that any changes in the dependent variable are directly due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

EXAMPLE: ensuring all plants receive the same type of soil, same amount of water at the same frequency, and using the same species of plant).

Reproducible Results

Repeated experiment under the same condition yields, constantly similar results.

- Credible results.

- Reliable & valid evidence

Nonreproducible

Repeated experiments under the same condition yields, significantly varied results.

- Questionable results

Cause

Event or action that precipitates an outcome.

Indicator words: since, because, and/ or due.

EXAMPLE: Since it rained last night, the streets are wet.

Effect

The outcome or result.

Indicator words: consequently, therefore, and/or this leads to.

EXAMPLE: It rained heavily; Therefore, the baseball game was postponed.

Single Cause, Multiple Effects

One cause leading to several different outcomes.

EXAMPLE:

- Cause: forgetting to turn off water tap when leaving the house.

- Effect: flooded kitchen, high water bill, and damaged wooden floors.

Multiple Causes, Single Effect

Effect is the result of multiple causes.

EXAMPLE:

- Effect: Jane is exhausted.

- Cause: works long hours, new puppy causing no sleep, and training for a marathon.

Cause and Effect Chain

An effect from one scenario can become the cause of another creating a chain of events.

EXAMPLE:

- Initial cause: Alex studies diligently for his exam.

- 1st Effect: he scored top marks.

- 2nd Effect: high marks earned him a scholarship.

Scientific Method

The process of observing, asking questions, and seeking answers through test and experiments to establish facts.

STEPS:

1. Observation

2. Research

3. Hypothesis

4. Experiment

5. Conclusion

6. Share Results

Observation

Derived from sensory experiences about the natural word that can include seeing, tasting, touching, hearing, or smelling.

Research

Helps answer preliminary questions and refine experimentation, using reliable sources to learn background information.

- Important to consult reliable resources including scientific journals or accredited online databases.

- Steer clear of unverified blogs and outdated textbooks.

Hypothesis

A specific prediction about what is going to happen next.

- Structured as an IF (conditions part) and THEN (result) statement.

EXAMPLE: If bread is left exposed to moisture for one week, then it will develop mold.

Experiment

Involves several key components:

- qualitative data

- quantitative data

- variables (independent & dependent)

- experimental group

- control group (receives a placebo)

Conclusion

Critical step, where researchers interpret the data collected by the experiment.

- accessing weather results support the original hypothesis or some requires revised to the hypothesis.

Share Results

Sharing findings with the scientific community.

- Used through peer-reviewed journals, presenting at conferences, and accredited online databases.

- Essential for sharing results\.

Repetition & Verification

Scientific experiments need to be repeated to ensure that there is both reliability and accuracy.