Studied by 9 people
mnemonic for tarsals
Tiger Cubs Need MILC Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Medial Cuneiform, Intermediate Cuneiform, Lateral Cuneiform, Cuboid
Calcaneus aka heel is the ____________ bone in the foot
largest
What is the only foot bone that articulates w/ medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula
talus
What forms the ankle joint?
talus connected to medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula
What does the longitudinal arch of foot do
transfers weight along foot
How is longitudinal arch maintained
Ligaments and tendons
transverse arch of foot is a degree of ______________ from medial to lateral borders of foot
curvature change
Are longitudinal and transverse arches present IN individuals w/ flat feet
no
Joints that form b/w tarsal and metatarsal are called
tarsal-metatarsal joints
Joints that exist b/w phalangeal bones are called
interphalangeal joints
structural classification of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
FIbrous joints are held together by
fibrous connective tissue
cartilaginous joints are held together by
cartilage
synovial joints are held together by
joint capsule that contains synovial fluid
what does synovial fluid of the joint cavity do?
reduces friction
synarthroses(fibrous or cartilage)
immovable joints
amphiarthroses(fibrous or cartilage)
slightly movable joints
Diarthroses (synovial joints)
freely movable joints
examples of synarthroses
suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis
suture and gomphosis are what type of joint
fibrous
what does suture (synarthroses) joint connect
skull bones w/ dense irregular connective tissue
What does a gomphosis (synarthroses) do?
ligament that binds each tooth in their bony socket of mandible and maxillae
what does synchondrosis(synarthroses) do
cartilaginous connection like one b/w first pair of ribs and the sternum
A ligament is an example of what type of connective tissue
dense regular
epiphyseal plate is an ex of what type of joint
synchondrosis (synarthroses-immovable)
examples of amphiarthroses
syndesmosis, symphysis
What is a syndesmosis (amphiarthroses) joint?
fibrous joint connected by a ligament OR fibrous sheet of connective tissue called interosseous membrane
what is interosseous membrane
fibrous sheet between the ulna and radius or tibia and fibula
What is a symphysis (amphiarthroses) joint?
cartilaginous joint b/w bones separated by fibrocartilage pad
examples of symphysis (amphiarthroses) joint
intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
majority of our joints are what type
diarthroses(freely movable)
Synovial (diarthroses) are typically found where
ends of long bones covered by articular (hyaline) cartilage
Synovial (diarthroses) joints are surrounded with a fibrous joint capsule or
articular capsule
the inner surfaces of joint(articular) capsule are lined with
synovial membrane
A synovial joint can have additional padding such as
menisci in the knee
Menisci of knee joint
fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee that act as shock absorbers
synovial can have _____________ as extra cushion
fat pads
synovial joint may have __________________ which are packets of connective tissue containing synovial fluid
bursae
What are bursae?
sacs of connective tissue containing synovial fluid that reduce friction and absorb shocks
how is a synovial joint stabilized
muscles and ligament
where is ligament found
inside or outside joint capsule
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa that restricts movement and produces pain
arthritis
inflammation of a joint caused by damage of articular cartilage damage
What is plane synovial joint movement
two opposing surfaces slide past each other
example of plane synovial joint movement
b/w carpal bones, tarsal bones, articular facets of adjacent vertebrae
angular movements of synovial joints
flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
what is flexion movement of synovial joint
bending in anterior/ posterior plane which decreases the angle b/w articulating bones relative to anatomical position
ex of flexion movement of synovial joint
moving the leg anteriorly at the hip, bending arm at elbow, bringing head to chest
opposite movement of flexion
extension
extension
increases the angle of a joint
Hyperextension
extension beyond anatomical position(ex gazing at the ceiling)
abduction movement
Moving a part away from the midline (lifting the arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body; spreading fingers apart).
opposite of abduction
adduction
adduction movement
Moving a part towards the midline (returning the arm from the horizontal position to the side of the body; bringing fingers back together).
circumduction movement
moving the joint in a circular manner
Rotational Joint Movements
rotation (pronation, supination)
Rotation movement of synovial joints
the turning of a bone around its own long axis
example of rotation
shaking head no;
Rotation of the distal end of the radius medially across the anterior surface of the ulna is
rotation
Pronation (rotational motion)
palm facing posteriorly
supination
turning the palm upward
inversion/eversion
movements of the sole of the foot medially(inward) or laterally(outward)
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle(digging in your heels); movement that bends the foot downward
Oppostion and reposition
move thumb toward the palm to grasp; return thumb from opposition
elevation/depression
superiorly and inferiorly (Up and Down) movements such as opening and closing ones mouth, shrugging shoulders etc.
lateral flexion
bends vertebral column from side to side
protraction/retraction
anterior movement in horizontal plane ex scapula moving away from spine; move body part posteriorly; move scapula toward the spine
depending on the shape of the articulating surfaces synovial joints can be classified as......
plane, hinge, condylar, saddle, pivot, ball-and-socket joint
plane or gliding joint
consists of two flat surfaces that glide over each other;
what type of movement do plane joints allow
multidirectional in a single plane
example of plane or gliding joint
ex: vertebrae, ends of clavicle, b/w carpal and tarsal bones
hinge joint permits what type of movement
angular in a single plane like the opening/closing of a door
examples of hinge joints
elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joint
condylar or ellipsoidal joint
oval articular face within a depression, motion in two planes (biaxial)
what type of movement does condylar joint permit
angular in two planes
ex of condylar joint
b/w radius and proximal carpal bones; b/w phalanges and metacarpal bones(metacarpal-phalangeal joints), b/w phalange of toes w/ metatarsal(metatarsal-phalangeal joints)
the proximal carpal bones that are involved in the formation of the wrist joint include:
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum
saddle joints
Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the "saddle" -each face is concave along one axis and convex along the other
what type of movement does saddle joint allow
angular in two planes and circumduction
examples of saddle joints
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb(b/w trapezium and metacarpal bone of thumb)
pivot joint only permit
rotation in a single plane
pivot joint example
b/w atlas and axis; b/w head of radius and proximal shaft of ulna
majority of joints are
ball and socket
ball and socket joint
the round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another
movement of ball and socket joint
angular, circumduction, rotation, triaxial
ex of ball and socket joint
shoulder and hip joints
LEAST movement is exhibited by what joint? MOST movement is exhibited by what joint?
plane joint; ball and socket joint
what are the two types of intervertebral articulations
gliding joints and symphyseal joints
gliding/plane joint exist b/w
superior and inferior articular processes of vertabrae
structurally, gliding joints are _____________ functionally, they are ___________
synovial joints; diarthroses
Symphyseal joint exists b/w_____________and is separated by ______________
vertebral bodies; intervertebral discs
intervertebral discs structurally are ___________ joints, and functionally_______________joints
cartilaginous; amphiarthroses
intervertebral discs are made of a tough outer _____________ layer surrounding ______________core
fibrocartilage; gelatinous
what causes a decrease in height with age
discs compressing
What joint permits the greatest range of motion of any joint?
the shoulder joint
what joint is the most frequently dislocated
shoulder joint
in the shoulder joint _____________ is sacrificed for mobility
stability
what type of joint is the shoulder joint
ball and socket
shoulder joint forms b/w
glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus
shoulder joint contains many large _______ to reduce friction
bursae
Note 
Flashcard (108)