Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 6 Pt. 3

mnemonic for tarsals

Tiger Cubs Need MILC
Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Medial Cuneiform, Intermediate Cuneiform, Lateral Cuneiform, Cuboid

Calcaneus aka heel is the ____________ bone in the foot

largest

What is the only foot bone that articulates w/ medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula

talus

What forms the ankle joint?

talus connected to medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula

What does the longitudinal arch of foot do

transfers weight along foot

How is longitudinal arch maintained

Ligaments and tendons

transverse arch of foot is a degree of ______________ from medial to lateral borders of foot

curvature change

Are longitudinal and transverse arches present IN individuals w/ flat feet

no

Joints that form b/w tarsal and metatarsal are called

tarsal-metatarsal joints

Joints that exist b/w phalangeal bones are called

interphalangeal joints

structural classification of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

FIbrous joints are held together by

fibrous connective tissue

cartilaginous joints are held together by

cartilage

synovial joints are held together by

joint capsule that contains synovial fluid

what does synovial fluid of the joint cavity do?

reduces friction

synarthroses(fibrous or cartilage)

immovable joints

amphiarthroses(fibrous or cartilage)

slightly movable joints

Diarthroses (synovial joints)

freely movable joints

examples of synarthroses

suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis

suture and gomphosis are what type of joint

fibrous

what does suture (synarthroses) joint connect

skull bones w/ dense irregular connective tissue

What does a gomphosis (synarthroses) do?

ligament that binds each tooth in their bony socket of mandible and maxillae

what does synchondrosis(synarthroses) do

cartilaginous connection like one b/w first pair of ribs and the sternum

A ligament is an example of what type of connective tissue

dense regular

epiphyseal plate is an ex of what type of joint

synchondrosis
(synarthroses-immovable)

examples of amphiarthroses

syndesmosis, symphysis

What is a syndesmosis (amphiarthroses) joint?

fibrous joint connected by a ligament OR fibrous sheet of connective tissue called interosseous membrane

what is interosseous membrane

fibrous sheet between the ulna and radius or tibia and fibula

What is a symphysis (amphiarthroses) joint?

cartilaginous joint b/w bones separated by fibrocartilage pad

examples of symphysis (amphiarthroses) joint

intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

majority of our joints are what type

diarthroses(freely movable)

Synovial (diarthroses) are typically found where

ends of long bones covered by articular (hyaline) cartilage

Synovial (diarthroses) joints are surrounded with a fibrous joint capsule or

articular capsule

the inner surfaces of joint(articular) capsule are lined with

synovial membrane

A synovial joint can have additional padding such as

menisci in the knee

Menisci of knee joint

fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee that act as shock absorbers

synovial can have _____________ as extra cushion

fat pads

synovial joint may have __________________ which are packets of connective tissue containing synovial fluid

bursae

What are bursae?

sacs of connective tissue containing synovial fluid that reduce friction and absorb shocks

how is a synovial joint stabilized

muscles and ligament

where is ligament found

inside or outside joint capsule

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa that restricts movement and produces pain

arthritis

inflammation of a joint caused by damage of articular cartilage damage

What is plane synovial joint movement

two opposing surfaces slide past each other

example of plane synovial joint movement

b/w carpal bones, tarsal bones, articular facets of adjacent vertebrae

angular movements of synovial joints

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

what is flexion movement of synovial joint

bending in anterior/ posterior plane which decreases the angle b/w articulating bones relative to anatomical position

ex of flexion movement of synovial joint

moving the leg anteriorly at the hip, bending arm at elbow, bringing head to chest

opposite movement of flexion

extension

extension

increases the angle of a joint

Hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position(ex gazing at the ceiling)

abduction movement

Moving a part away from the midline (lifting the arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body; spreading fingers apart).

opposite of abduction

adduction

adduction movement

Moving a part towards the midline (returning the arm from the horizontal position to the side of the body; bringing fingers back together).

circumduction movement

moving the joint in a circular manner

Rotational Joint Movements

rotation (pronation, supination)

Rotation movement of synovial joints

the turning of a bone around its own long axis

example of rotation

shaking head no;

Rotation of the distal end of the radius medially across the anterior surface of the ulna is

rotation

Pronation (rotational motion)

palm facing posteriorly

supination

turning the palm upward

inversion/eversion

movements of the sole of the foot medially(inward) or laterally(outward)

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle(digging in your heels);
movement that bends the foot downward

Oppostion and reposition

move thumb toward the palm to grasp;
return thumb from opposition

elevation/depression

superiorly and inferiorly (Up and Down) movements such as opening and closing ones mouth, shrugging shoulders etc.

lateral flexion

bends vertebral column from side to side

protraction/retraction

anterior movement in horizontal plane ex scapula moving away from spine;
move body part posteriorly; move scapula toward the spine

depending on the shape of the articulating surfaces synovial joints can be classified as......

plane, hinge, condylar, saddle, pivot, ball-and-socket joint

plane or gliding joint

consists of two flat surfaces that glide over each other;

what type of movement do plane joints allow

multidirectional in a single plane

example of plane or gliding joint

ex: vertebrae, ends of clavicle, b/w carpal and tarsal bones

hinge joint permits what type of movement

angular in a single plane like the opening/closing of a door

examples of hinge joints

elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joint

condylar or ellipsoidal joint

oval articular face within a depression, motion in two planes (biaxial)

what type of movement does condylar joint permit

angular in two planes

ex of condylar joint

b/w radius and proximal carpal bones; b/w phalanges and metacarpal bones(metacarpal-phalangeal joints), b/w phalange of toes w/ metatarsal(metatarsal-phalangeal joints)

the proximal carpal bones that are involved in the formation of the wrist joint include:

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum

saddle joints

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the "saddle"
-each face is concave along one axis and convex along the other

what type of movement does saddle joint allow

angular in two planes and
circumduction

examples of saddle joints

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb(b/w trapezium and metacarpal bone of thumb)

pivot joint only permit

rotation in a single plane

pivot joint example

b/w atlas and axis; b/w head of radius and proximal shaft of ulna

majority of joints are

ball and socket

ball and socket joint

the round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another

movement of ball and socket joint

angular, circumduction, rotation, triaxial

ex of ball and socket joint

shoulder and hip joints

LEAST movement is exhibited by what joint?
MOST movement is exhibited by what joint?

plane joint;
ball and socket joint

what are the two types of intervertebral articulations

gliding joints and symphyseal joints

gliding/plane joint exist b/w

superior and inferior articular processes of vertabrae

structurally, gliding joints are _____________
functionally, they are ___________

synovial joints; diarthroses

Symphyseal joint exists b/w_____________and is separated by ______________

vertebral bodies; intervertebral discs

intervertebral discs structurally are ___________ joints, and functionally_______________joints

cartilaginous; amphiarthroses

intervertebral discs are made of a tough outer _____________ layer surrounding ______________core

fibrocartilage; gelatinous

what causes a decrease in height with age

discs compressing

What joint permits the greatest range of motion of any joint?

the shoulder joint

what joint is the most frequently dislocated

shoulder joint

in the shoulder joint _____________ is sacrificed for mobility

stability

what type of joint is the shoulder joint

ball and socket

shoulder joint forms b/w

glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus

shoulder joint contains many large _______ to reduce friction

bursae