history

Indian National Congress

Established in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume to provide a platform for Indian political expression, it became increasingly Hindu-dominated.

Two-Nation Theory

The concept proposed by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, stating that Hindus and Muslims are distinct nations with different socio-political interests.

Partition of Bengal

The 1905 administrative division by Lord Curzon creating East (Muslim majority) and West Bengal (Hindu majority), aimed for administrative efficiency.

Swadeshi Movement

A protest against the Partition of Bengal that involved the boycott of British goods and increased communal tensions.

Simla Deputation

A 1906 delegation of Muslim leaders demanding Separate Electorates to ensure Muslim representation in legislative bodies.

All India Muslim League

Founded on December 30, 1906, in Dhaka, its aims were to protect Muslim rights and promote loyalty to the British government.

Minto-Morley Reforms

Reforms enacted in 1909 that officially granted Separate Electorates, a significant victory for the Muslim League.

Annulment of Partition

The 1911 reversal of the Bengal partition due to Hindu agitation, leading to increased distrust among Muslims toward the British.

Lucknow Pact

A 1916 agreement between the Congress and Muslim League, accepting the principle of Separate Electorates and promoting Hindu-Muslim unity.

Diarchy

A system introduced by the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms in 1919, dividing administrative subjects between British authorities and Indian ministers.

Khilafat Movement

A movement started in 1919 by the Ali Brothers, aimed at protecting the status of the Ottoman Caliph, which witnessed allied efforts with Gandhi.

Nehru Report

A 1928 proposal by Motilal Nehru advocating joint electorates, which was perceived by the Muslim League as a betrayal of the Lucknow Pact.

Jinnah’s Fourteen Points

A 1929 response from Jinnah demanding a federal constitution with provincial autonomy and significant Muslim representation in the legislature.