european transport systems 1990-2010

conceive

(v) to form an idea or imagine something.

= imagine, envisage, formulate

ex: It is hard to conceive a city without public transport

vigorous

(adj) strong, energetic, and active

= strong, dynamic, robust

ex: The country experienced vigorous economic growth

facilitate

(v) to make something easier

= ease, assist, enable

ex: Technology facilitates communication across countries

substantial

(adj) large in amount or importance

= significant, considerable, major

ex: There was a substantial rise in car usage

frontier

(n) border between countries

= border, boundary, limit

ex: Internal frontiers in the EU have been removed

abolish

(v) cancel; put an end to

= eliminated, removed, canceled

ex: Trade barriers were abolished to boost the economy

emphasise

(v) given special importance to

= highlighted, stressed, underlined

ex: The report emphasised the need for better infrastructure

labour-intensive

(adj) requiring a lot of human effort

= manual, workforce-heavy, effort-demanding

ex: Agriculture is often labour-intensive

candidate

(n) people or countries applying for something

= applicants, nominees, contenders

ex: Several countries are candidates for EU membership

haulage

(n) transporting goods by road

= freight, shipping, delivery

ex: Road haulage dominates goods transport in Europe

inherit

(v) received from the past

= acquired, obtained, derived

ex: The system inherited many outdated features

mode

(n) types or method

= types, forms, kinds

ex: Different modes of transport include rail and road

tip sharply

(v) changed suddenly and significantly

= shifted, changed drastically, swung

ex: The balance tipped sharply towards road transport

imperative

(adj) extremely important or urgent

= essential, crucial, vital

ex: It is imperative to reduce pollution levels

objective

(n) a goal or aim

= aim, target, purpose

ex: The objective is to cut emissions

integrate

(v) combining parts into a whole

= combining, merging, uniting

ex: Policies should focus on integrating transport systems

nonetheless

(adv) despite that

= however, nevertheless, still

ex: The plan is costly; nonetheless, it is necessary

reverse

(v) to change to the opposite

= overturn, undo, change back

ex: Governments must reverse the trend

culprit

(n) the cause of a problem

= cause, source, reason

ex: Road transport is the main culprit of pollution

deteriorate / deterioration

(v/n) becoming worse

= decline, degradation, worsening

ex: Infrastructure deterioration affects transport quality

such a pitch

such a high level

= peak, extreme level, height

ex: Congestion reached such a pitch that action was needed

marginalisation

(n) being treated as unimportant

= exclusion, neglect, sidelining

ex: Rail transport faces marginalisation

accompany

(v) happening together with

= combined with, along with, together with

ex: The policy was accompanied by reforms

complementary

(adj) completing or supporting something

= supporting, matching, balancing

ex: Complementary measures are needed

curb

(v) to limit or control

= restrain, limit, reduce

ex: The policy aims to curb traffic growth

ratio

(n) a relationship between numbers

= proportion, rate, percentage

ex: The ratio of cars to people is rising

occupancy

(n) number of people using something

= usage, capacity, load

ex: Car occupancy rates are low

baton

(n) responsibility passed on

= responsibility, role, duty

ex: Rail transport must take up the baton

guarantee

(v) to ensure something happens

= ensure, secure, assure

ex: The policy does not guarantee success

cohesion

(n) unity or connection

= unity, harmony, integration

ex: Regional cohesion is important

uncouple

(v) to separate two linked things

= separation, detachment, disconnection

ex: The goal is uncoupling growth from transport

saturated

(adj) completely full

= full, overloaded, crowded

ex: Roads are saturated with traffic

artery

(n) main route or channel

= main roads, routes, highways

ex: Highways are key transport arteries

revitalise

(v) to give new life, energy, activity, or success to something

= renew, restore, rejuvenate

ex: Investments are revitalising rail transport

bearing in mind

considering something

= considering, remembering, taking into account

ex: Bearing in mind the costs, the plan is ambitious

mobility

(n) ability to move freely

= movement, flexibility, transport ability

ex: Mobility is essential for economic growth

such a change cannot be achieved overnight

Sự thay đổi như vậy không thể đạt được chỉ sau một đêm.

(keep/own) the lion share (of something)

the largest part or most of something

ex: The Lopez family owns the lion's share of the country's farmland