HDE EXAM 3 - Alzheimer's and other types of dementia

what is major neurocognitive disorder

a condition involving the global deterioration in intellectual abilities and physical function

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration

vascular dementia

form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain

Lewy body dementia

A form of dementia characterized by an increase in Lewy body cells in the brain. Symptoms include visual hallucinations, momentary loss of attention, falling, and fainting.

Frontotemporal Dementia

Frontal and temporal regions degenerate, resulting in badly impaired emotional stability, decision-making and language use

Mixed Dementia

presentation of two or more types of dementia simultaneously

prevelence of dementia among adults 65+

10%

how does Alzheimers increase with age

ages 65-74: 5%

ages 75-84 14%

ages 85+ 33%

which gender Is more effected by Alzheimers

women. 2/3 patients are women

hispanics more likely to get Alzheimers percentage

1.5 times

african Americans more likely to get Alzheimers percentage

2x more likely

dying from alzheimers

the primary cause of death

dying with Alzheimers

contributing cause but not primary cause

excess mortality in alzheimers

observed death - expected deaths. showing the indirect effects on mortality

alzheimers rank of causes of death 2019 and 2020

2019: 6th

2020: 7th

who are Alzheimers care givers

2/3 are women

1/3 are daughters

1/4 are "sandwich generation"

mild cognitive impairement

shows some but not enough for diagnosis

brain changes in alzheimer's

cortex shrinks, hippocampus volume decreases, ventricles enlarge, sulci widen

neuron damage in Alzheimers

fewer neurons and synapses, buildup of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

senile plaques

when beta-amyloid protein clumps between neurons

neurofibrillary tangles

twisted protein strands block nutrient transportation and cells die

middle stage alzheimers

frontal lobe damage. issues with speech and spatial confusion

late stage alzheimers

widespread cell death leads to loss of communication, recognition, and self care

late onset alzheimers

after age 65, death 8-10 yrs after diagnosis

early onset alzheimers

before 65, most severe, inherited

what is Alzheimers caused by

genetics and enviorment

APOE gene

Gene associated with Alzheimer's disease risk. 3 alleles

APOE gene e2

may provide protection, Alzheimers develops later in life if it occurs. in 5-10% of people

APOE 3

Neutral allele that most people have

APOE-E4 allele

genetic allele that contributes to development of plaques, increased risk. 15%-25% of people

2 copies of APOE risk

higher risk than one copy

APP, PSEN1, PSEN2

Dominant mutations in what 3 genes cause early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease?

APP gene

appears to control the production of APP, the protein that generates beta-amyloid

PSEN1 and PSEN2

influence breakdown of APP, mutations linked to alzheimers

Down syndrome risk of alzheimers

6x more likely due to extra APP gene on chromosome 21

modifiable risk factors for alzheimers

high cholesterol, high blood pressure, sedentary life style, tobacco use, obesity, head injury