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What are Protists (Protista)?
Kingdom of organisms meaning "first"; the first eukaryotic organisms
Evolved about 1.7 billion years ago; protozoans possibly
Evolved from the first eukaryotes by ENDOSYMBIOSIS
What are eukaryotic cells?
Cells are highly organized with a nucleus and specialized cellular machinery called Organelles.
Protists are Eukaryotic
What is a Colony/ Colonial Protists?
Description for some protists, meaning made up of a group of cells living together (Example: Diatoms).
Mutualists
Many species of protists that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another organism.
Parasitic Protists
Some species of protists that live in or on another organism (host)
Benefit by deriving nutrients at the host's expense; can cause diseases like malaria, amoebic dysentery, or giardiasis.
What are Animal Like Protists?
They are called PROTOZA
They are ingestive and they get food from the environment by digesting small food particles
Cilia
Hair-like appendages (mini flagellum) used for movement by some protists.
Flagellum
A long, whip-like appendage used for movement by some protists.
Pseudopods
"False feet" extensions of the cell membrane used for movement by extending and moving.
Paramecium
Unicellular organism; moves to eat using its cilia
NEITHER Mutualistic or Parasitic (Lives on its own)
Reproduces Sexually and Asexually
ANIMAL LIKE
Amoeba
Unicellular organism, moves using PSEUDOPODS and are SOMETIMES parasitic
Asexual reproduction (Binary Fission)
ANIMAL LIKE
Euglena
Unicellular organism; moves using its flagella; asexual reproduction; have chloroplasts to absorb sunlight
PLANT LIKE (but also animal like becasue it moves)
Slime Molds
They are colonial and mostly multicellular
FUNGI LIKE
Move using pseudopods and produce both sexually and asexually
Alternation of Generations (In General)
A type of sexual reproduction in some protists involving a fluctuation between diploid (2n) and haploid (n) stages.
Multiple Fission
A type of asexual reproduction in protists where a single protozoan produces more than two individuals.
Multiple cells form inside parent cell (Multiple Mitosis)
Eyespots
Organelles in some protozoans that can detect changes in light. Used for PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Cysts
A hardened covering that many protists can form when environmental conditions become unfavorable (Examples: low availability of water, pH, temperature changes, nutrient deficiency, decreased oxygen).
Metabolic activity resumes when conditions become favorable again.
Malaria
A life-threatening blood disease caused by PARASITES, transmitted to humans through the BITE of the Anopheles mosquito.
The parasites travel to the liver, multiply, then infect and destroy red blood cells.
Caused by PLASMODIUM (Phylum SOPOROZIA)
Ciliophora
A common phylum of protists that move using cilia.
Sarcodina
A common phylum of protists that move using pseudopods.
Euglenophyta
A common phylum of plant-like protists (algae) that often have flagella.
Pyrrophyta
A common phylum of protists.
Rhodophyta
A common phylum of multicellular red algae.
Myxomycetes
A common phylum of slime molds.
What are Plant Like Protists?
They are normally PHOTOSYNTHETIC and produces their own food from INORGANIC MATERIAL
Use sunlight to convert food to CO2 and H2O
Mycology
The study of fungi.
Decomposers
Fungi that decompose and recycle essential elements and nutrients by breaking down dead organic material.
Non-motile
Characteristic of fungi, meaning they do not move (similar to plants).
Predacious
Characteristic of some fungi; they can trap by mycelium and feed on live prey.
Pioneer organisms
The first organisms to grow in a barren environment (Example: Lichen).
Like after a disaster or something they are the FIRST to grow back
Spores
A circular structure in fungi that gives rise to hyphae. They are usually spread by wind and need proper combination of temperature, moisture, and food to germinate.
Hyphae
The individual branching filaments that make up a fungus.
Mycelium
A mass of tangled hyphae that develop into a thick mass; it is the underground portion of the fungus.
Rhizoid (Ryzomorph)
Root-like hyphae that penetrate the food source, anchor the fungus, release enzymes for digestion, and absorb digested material.
Stolon
Stem-like hyphae that run along the surface of the food source.
Sporangiophores
Specialized hyphae that push up into the air and contain sporangia (spores).
Sporangia
Spore-producing structures found at the tops of specialized hyphae (sporangiophores).
What are Common molds? What phylum do they belong to?
They are like mold you would find on bread, are normally hairy and have big mycelium webs
They belong to Zygomycota
What is Sac Fungi? What Phylum do they belong to?
They are fungi that produce spores in sacs (Yeast)
They belong to Phylum Ascomycota
What is Club Fungi? What Phylum?
Club Fungi are basically mushrooms
Belong to the phylum Basidiomycota.
Deuteromycota
A phylum of fungi, commonly known as imperfect fungi.
What is Imperfect Fungi? Phylum?
They are DISTINCTLY known for being ASEXUAL
Belong to the phylum Deuteromycota.
Chytrids
They are groups of fungi which have FLAGELLA SPORES (Their spores can move)
AQUATIC
Belong to phylum Chytridomycola
Syngamy
the fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction.
List 2 ways Protists reproduce sexually and asexually
SEXUALLY- Conjugation, Alternation of Generation
ASEXUALY- Binary Fission, Multiple Fission
What roles do fungi play in nature?
1. Break down Dead organic Material
2. Develop a symbiotic realtionship with plnats
3. Produces Drugs, food and (our fav) Alchohol
What is Absorptive Chemoheterotrophics
Fungi that do not INGEST their food but they ABSORB it through cell wall/ membrane
Saprophytic Fungi
get energy from decaying organic matter
What are the 3 main parts of Fungi Structures? Types of Hyphae?
3 MAIN STRUCTURES - Spores, Hyphae and Mycelium
HYPHAE:
1. Rhizoid - Root that penetrates food source
2. Stolon - Run along the surface of the food
3. Sporangiophores - Things that push up into the air and have SPORANGIA
What are 3 ways fungi ASEXUALLY Reproduce?
1. Spores - Spread by wind and grow into own organism - HOEVER it needs right TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE AND FOOD to germinate
2. FRAGMENTATION - Cut piece off and it grow into own thing
3. BUDDING - Grow a bud and it come off
Alternation of Generation (FUNGI SPECIFIC)
A (+) and (-) hyphae meet and FUSE, producing a Zygospore
Inside the Zyrogposre, new spores form, with both the (+) and (-) genetic material
Zyrospore goes kaboom and releases spore
Ameboid Movement
Crawling type of movement from cytoplasmic extensions that form
Basically anything that has "Ameboid" movement moves like... AN AMOEBA
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True
Compare Parasitic and Mutualistic Relationship
Mutualistic is a (+ +) relationship where both organisms benefit
Parasitic is a (+ -( relationship where only one organism benefits
Slime molds, Paramecium, Amoeba, Malaria and Euglena are examples of…
PROTISTS
Which ones are Heterotrophic? Autotrophic? How do they get food?
Animal Like Protists
Plant like protists
Fungi like protists
ANIMAL LIKE: Ingestive, Heterotrophic
PLANT LIKE: Photosynthetic, Autotrophic
FUNGI LIKE: Absorptive, Heterotrophic
What is African Sleeping Disease caused by?
It is caused by Trypanosoma (Phylum ZOOMASTIGINA)
Transfered from bite of tsteste fly and causes sleepiness
Fatal unless treated
What causes Chagas Disease?
Caused by Trypanosoma (Phylum ZOOMASTIGINA)
Transfered by contact with feces/ urine of Tritatomine bugs (Kissing Bugs)
Contractile Vacuoles
Structures freshwater protozoa have to pump out excess water