joints

Major physiological functions of the skeletal system

produce blood, provide support and protection, work with muscles for movement, storage of minerals and nutrients

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

epiphysis

End of a long bone and forms a joint with other bones

Epiphyseal plate

found between the epiphysis and diaphysis during childhood

connective covering of long bone is called

periosteum

what is the protein fiber type found in the matrix of bone, cartilage and tendons?

Collagen. It gives bones its strength and resistance

compact bone

tightly packed tissue, continuous extracellular matrix and has no gaps

spongy bone

consists of numerous branching bony plates (trabeculae), very porous, weighs less and has irregularly connected spores

intramembranous ossification

bone develops from a fibrous membrane, osteoblasts surround themselves with extracellular matrix becoming osteocytes

endochondral ossification

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the head, trunk, and neck vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

bones of the limbs that hang onto the axial skeleton

how many bones in the cranium

8 (one frontal, two parietal, two temporal, one occipital, one sphenoid, one ethmoid bone)

how many bones in the facial area

14 (two maxilla, one mandible, two zygomatic, two palatine, two lacrimal, two nasal, one vomer, two nasal conchae

which bone has the foramen magnum and what goes through it

occipital bone. blood vessels pass through as well as nerves and ligaments, nerve fibers enter from the brain to the vertebral canal to join the spinal cord

formal name of cheek bone

zygomatic bone

what is fontanel commonly called?

incomplete intramembranous ossification of soft spots

cervical vertebrae

transverse foramine for blood vessels to go to the brain. bifid process which provide attachment to bones (7)

thoracic vertebrae

larger than cervical and lumbar and articulate with the ribs (12)

lumbar vertebrae

weight bearing and have thick short spinal processes

which bones fuse to make one coxal (hip) bone

ilium, ischium, pubis

carpal bones

two rows: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

femur

found in the thigh, longest bone in the body

humerus

found in the upper arm, second longest bone

what is a synovial joint

articulating ends of bones that are surrounded by a joint capsule of ligaments and synovial membranes. covered ends by hyaline cartilage. allow free movement

bone fractures

greenstick, fissured, comminuted, transverse, oblique, spiral

What are joints?

functional junctions between bones, bind skeletal system, aid bone growth, allow parts of the skeleton to change shape in childbirth, enable body to move

What are fibrous joints?

Joints that lie between bones that closely contact with one another.

How are fibrous joints held together?

By a thin layer of dense connective tissue.

What is the movement capability of fibrous joints?

They allow little to no movement.

cartilaginous joints

connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage, allow limited movement, between vertebrae (vertebral joints)

What type of joints allow free movement?

Synovial joints

What covers the ends of synovial joints?

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage

What is the composition of the joint capsule in synovial joints?

An outer fibrous layer of dense connective tissue and an inner synovial membrane

What does the synovial membrane secrete?

Synovial fluid

What is the function of the meniscus in some synovial joints?

Shock absorption

What are bursae in synovial joints?

Fluid-filled sacs that aid the movement of tendons

ball and socket (spheroidal) joint

a bone with a spherical head on one end joined with a bone that has a cup-shaped cavity

condylar (ellipsoidal) joints

Oval articular surface on one bone articulates with a depression on another bone

plane (gliding) joints

Flat articular surfaces, bones slide over each other

hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

pivot (trochoid) joint

cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

flexion

bending a joint so that the angle decreases

extension

Straightening of a joint so the angle increases

dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward so that the foot is closer to the shin

plantar flexion

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

rotation

moving a part around an axis. medial rotation is inner and lateral rotation is outer

Circumduction

moving a part so that the end it follows a circular path

pronation

turning the palm downward

supination

movement that turns the palm up

eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

retraction

moving a part backward

protraction

Moving a part forward

elevation

raising a part

depression

lowering a body part