geography- Resource management - Paper 2

May - Year 10

food miles define

the distance that food travels from producer to consumer

carbon footprint define

the measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount green house gases they produce

How much wayter does the average person in UK use per day + percentage pf what is used for

150 Liters

30% toilet flushing

21% bath + taps

13% clothes washing

12% showers

8% washing up

7% outdoor

5% other

4%v drinking

how many people in the world live without access to clean water

240 million +

how many people globally face hunger on a daily basis

how many people, globally, lack essential micronutrients

795 million

2 billion

which energy source is non renewable but doesnt give off CO2 when producing energy

main challange of using this energy source to produce electricity

Nuclear power

if it goes goes wrong radioactive leaks causes changes to human DNA which causes cancer

pros and cons of hydroelectric power (1,1)

pro

-lowe maintanance

cons

use lots of concreate- not renewable

schematic of a hydro electric dam

MONDAY 20 JUNE LOOK IN VOOK

How has demand for food changed since 1950s (4,3)

1950s

-used to eat seasonaly - resrticted in winter - so people would preserve food by pickling or in jam

-eat simpler - as you grow your own

-healthier

-families didnt have a car - norm man would work and wife would walk to shops + cook - buy locally

Now

-not eating seasonally - importating food from other countries - more variety

-chefs incourage us to eat more exotically

-in 2013 47% 0f UKs food supply was imported - carbon footprint is increased because of food miles

why should you eat seasonally (5)

-reduces energy (+CO2 emissions) needed to grow and transport the food

-avoid paying a premium for food that is scacer

-support local economy

-to reconnect with natures cycles + passing of time

-seasonal food is fresher + so tends to be tastier + more nutritious

whats the aim of organic farming

to protect the environment + wildlife by using natural predators to control pests

How does Organic farming avoid using pesticides

chemical fertilisers

cemical weed killers

animal rearing differ

pesticides - using natural predators to control pests e.g laderbirds to eat blackfly

chemical fertilisers - rotating crops to maintain fertility and using natural fertilisers

mechanonal weeding

animal rearing - without the use of antibiotics + regular use of drugs to inc growth

when + why did organic produce sale rise

why did it fall in 2009-2011

1990s

people became more concerned about the effect of what they eat on their health

global recession and reduction in incomes for many families made organic food a luxury

why is organic produce more expansive than conventionally

where can you buy organic oriduce

lower yields

supermarkets, farmers markets, vegetable box schemes

how has demand for water inc - only ever 4 marks

• domestic appliances

• inc hygiene - showering frequently

• leisure

• industry

• food production

• inc population

choropleth map define

a map that’s colour coded

when describing the distribution of something what does

TEA stand for

T- trends

È- evidence

A-anomalies

water surplus areas define

places where yhey have more water than theu need for the population

water deficit areas define

places where they do not have enough water for the needs of the population and may suffer shortages

causes of water pollution

• sewage containing bacteria may be pumped into rivers and the sea

• pollution such as oil from boats and ships can often end up in rivers and coastal waters - impacts economy as government will have to clean it, impacts people as ppl may become ill drom swimming may kill wildlife

• rubbish such as supermarket trolleys and bicycles may be dumped - impacts money as some of these items may have been able to use again, impact environment as these items may destroy habitats or kill animals, may impact people as

how is water quality managed in the UK

legislation

strict laws which ensure thaf factories and farms arw limited in the amount and type of discharge they put into rivers.

how is water quality managed in the UK

education campaigns

inform the public about the damage caused by putting inappropriate items into the sewage systems + advise how to dispose of tgem correctly

how is water quality managed in the UK

waste water treatment

local water treatment plants remove suspended solids, to produce clean water for human consumption. They use a number of processes to do this.

how is water quality managed in the UK

building better treatment plants and investing in new infrastructure

better sewers abd water mains can prevent spills abd accidents but can lead to higher water and sewage bills to pay for the investment

how is water quality managed in the UK

pollution traps

for example when roads and motorways are built close to rivers and watercourses, pollution traps such as red beds often installed to ‘catxh’ and filter out pollution

how is water quality managed in the UK

green roofs and walls

in cities, new buildings often have green roofs, which filter out the pollutant naturally jn rainwater. green roofs also offer excellent sustainabile water management. This reduces the risk of flooding by reducing runoff from the roof. green roofs can also help to combat climate change by increasing the absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere

what are our main energy sources (9)

are tgey renewable or non renewable

1 power stations - type burns coal, oil, gas(fossil fuels) - NR

2 nuclear - NR

3 solar - R

4 wind - R

5 tidal -R

6 waves - R

7 hydroelectric- using dams -R

8 geothermal - magma + heat + hotspots - R

9 biofuel - waste products - R

Location of kielder water transfer scheme

• Northumberland, North East England

• Built in the 1970s–1980s

• Kielder Water is the largest man-made reservoir in the UK by volume

🏗

Why Was It Built

• To ensure water security in the North East of England

• Designed to transfer water from areas of surplus (Kielder, NW) to areas of deficit (Newcastle, Sunderland, Middlesbrough)

• Anticipated increased demand from industry (which didn’t grow as much as expected)

How Does the Transfer Work

• Water is stored in Kielder Reservoir

• Transferred via rivers and tunnels to River Tyne, River Wear, and River Tees

• Can supply up to 1.2 billion litres per day

• Also supports hydroelectric power generatio

Benefits / Positive Impacts

1. Water Security: Supplies reliable water to cities and industries in NE England.

2. Hydroelectric Power: Generates renewable energy (enough for 10,000 homes).

3. Tourism & Recreation: Kielder Forest and Water Park attract over 250,000 visitors/year.

4. Jobs: Created employment during construction and in tourism.

❌

Problems / Negative Impact

1. 
   

   • 2,000 hectares of forest and habitats flooded

   • Affected local wildlife and river ecosystems

2. Cost: Very expensive to build (over £160 million)

3. Social Impact:
   

   • A small number of people (less than 100) displaced

   • Some farmland lost

5. Overestimated Demand: Industry didn’t grow as expected, so not all water was needed

define fracking

when water is pumped into the rocks underground which then releases gas

pros and cons of fracking

PRO

• creates jobs

• we gain gas which can be used for energy we couldn’t extract a couple years ago

CONS

environmental - heavy lorry traffic in rural areas + contamination kf water supplies

economic- extraction is expensive (uses lots of water), energy bills for ppl wouldn’t decrease because of this

social- multinational companies gain profit, nit the local owners consenting in fracking their land sì less ppl will consent to it

food security define

when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy active life

why is food demand growing

inc population

there’s a clear correlation between areas of greatest population growth abd areas which have the lowest calorie intake (è.g africa )

why does calorie intake snd diet change wheb GDP changes in a country

when someone gains money, theu are able to buy more luxury items è.g meat abd fast food. For example jn china in the 1980s 6% of their diet was meat but 30 yrs later it was 17% and their GDP had increased

causes of inc global food demand (2)

inc population

urbanisation

factors affecting food supply (6)

• pests/diseases - diseases can worsen food insecurity as tgey reduce the available workforce agriculture

• war/conflict - food supplies can be siezed by soldiers or destroyed

• water supply - water stress can occur making water dirty

• climate - è.g floods caused by tropical storms causes losses kf crops

• technology - HICs can manage water stress by using water transfer schemes and irrigation

• poverty - some ppl can’t afford nutritious food for them abd their family’s - makes them weak and unable to work on labd or earn money to support themselves

impacts there would be if people didn’t have enough food

are they social economic or environmental

• decrease in population - social

• health decrease- social

• famine + under nutrition - social

• rising prices - economic

• conflict and social unrest - social

• pesticides/fertilisers - water pollution - environmental

• over grazing snd soil erosion - environmental

strategy - irrigation

description

advantages

disadvantages

description

• watering of land using water moved from somewhere else

• Most methods take water from rivers/lakes

• Irrigation needed whether our water shortages during growing season

advantages

Can increase crop yield and income - helps reduce poverty - major cause of food insecurity

disadvantages

• sometimes problems with irrigation - certain large scale schemes can push people off the land to be used for reservoirs and the cost involved with setting up the method for delivering water

strategy - aeroponics

description

advantages

disadvantages

description

• process of using air instead of soil to grow plants

• Grown in a closed environment E.G.greenhouses

• Nutrients and water are sprayed in a fine mist onto to roots abd lower stem every few minutes

advantages

• Plants grow faster as roots are more exposed to oxygen

• Easier to ensure the plants have all nutrients needed

• Enable seasonal crops to be grown all year around

disadvantages

• People think these foods don’t taste as good

• Cost of heating and lighting can be high

strategy - hydroponics

description

advantages

disadvantages

description

• plants grow in water roots of plants are in nutrient rich water bath throughout their life is

advantages

• Plants receive more nutrients - grow faster

• Uses less space - plants can be stacked on top of one another

• Increases freshness as crops can be shipped to a alive in the water

disadvantages

• Technical knowledge is important on the system is very expensive to set up and run

strategy - the new green revolution

description

advantages

disadvantages

description

• scientist developed new types of seeds which produce higher yields

• Known as high-yielding varieties (HYV)

advantages

• Development brought new chemical pesticides herbicide and fertilisers-help plant growth

• Agriculture industries is able to produce larger quantities of cheaper food

disadvantages

• Since 50s/60s the global population has continued to grow and cocky aren’t growing with it

• now a ‘ new green Revolution’ focusing on Africa and instead of Asia-major part of this new green revolution is the role of biotech

strategy - biotechnology

description

advantages

disadvantages

description

• when plants animals and fish are genetically modified (GM)for crops - injects the genes of one plant to another-giving the new plant the other plants characteristics

advantages

• many potential benefits for LIC farmers - can design drought resistant plants- don’t catch diseases

disadvantages

• People concerned about the effects of GM crops on the environment as well as on human health

strategy - appropriate technology

description

advantages

disadvantages

description

• using cheap skills/materials that are easily available to increase crop production without putting people out of work

• Low tech strategy E.G.harvesting equipment

advantages

• Appropriate LIC as other methods (aeroponics) is too expensive

• Can produce power

disadvantages

• Not as efficient as other strategies - therefore won’t be enough to solve the problem

example: “large scale agriculture”

Almeria, Spain

how many acres of greenhouses does Almeria, Spain have

45,000 acres of greenhouses

world’s largest area of greenhouses

how would you describe Almeria, Spain

• dry climate - arid - 200m of rainfall a year

• turning into a desert

where is Almeria, Spain

southeast of spain

in europe

by the coast of meditaranean sea

facts + figures

almeria, spain

who are the greenhouses owned by

what crops are grown here

how much income does tgis scheme bring - ehy

how are the plants grown

• greenhouses owned by a mixture of large businesses and individual farmers

• most of out of season UK crops are grown here

• scheme brings over US$1.5billion per year in income - as it delivers over half of Europe’s fruit and veg

• almost all plants grown by hydroponics

• so successful tgey moved up the valleys of the nearby Alpujarra hills - one of spains most unspoilt areas

ehy did they develop this large scale agricultural scheme (6)

1. changes in ppls diet - ppl eat more veg

2. development of suitable plastic to build the greenhouses

3. new + fast transport methods - lowered shipping cost

4. average temp in region is 20C without 3,000 hours of sun per year

5. lower costs from immigrants

6. funding from EU abd spanish gov.

disadvantages of Almeria (6)

• large amounts of cheap labour

• immigrant labour is paid very low wages and often live abd work in poor conditions

• many immigrants are working illegally and so have little control over their working conditions

• local environment has been badly affected - large areas of land have been covered with plastic, destroying the natural ecosystems + plastic is dumped in sea and is affecting marine ecosystems

• increased use of pesticides in the area has led to increased health risks for those who work or live near the greenhouses

• greenhouses reflect sunlight baxk into the atmosphere + contributed to the cooling of the area - temp has dropped by 0.3C per 10 years

advantages of Almeria, Spain (8)

• large amounts of cheap temporary labour

• the immigrant labour is paid very low wages and often live and work in poor conditions

• the advance of hydroponic growing techniques

• less water is used due to drip irrigation + hydroponics

• a new desalination plant supplying fresh water from sea water to the region

• low energy costs due to the all-year-round-warmer temperatures

• additional jobs created in packing plants

• relatively cheap fresh fruit and veg provided all year

sustainable food production define

maintains food supplies for future generations without damaging the land,water, energy resources. Provides social benefits and doesn’t contribute to climate change.

why are organix farming and permaculture similar because…

they are both sustainable because…

the most sustainable approach is … because…

they both avoid using chemicals

they are better for environment

permaculture because they don’t disturb wildlife and is less wasteful è.g use of water

organic farming

variety of crops layout of crops

irrigation

pest control

souo preparation

plant one variety of crop (monoculture)

large scale singular crop

use wasteful irrigation systems - use sprinklers which jet out gallons of water - most evaporates

may use organic compounds to kill or control insects snd weeds

dig the soil to create raised rows

permaculture

variety of crops layout of crops

irrigation

pest control

souo preparation

mixed variety + large varieties at once!!

variety of plants are grown together in helpful ways - one revitalise the soil anither to provide ground cover sì soil foesnt dry out, one to deter pests, one to attract beneficial insects è.g ladybugs + large varieties at once!!!

rainwater rather than hosepipes connected to public water supplies hoses in small supply

create an ecosystem for all plants and animals - including pests

pile on compost without distributing soil and worms

seasonal food

eating food tgat is in season locally reduces food miles + also reduces energy used in producing out kf season food locally in greenhouses

urban farming initiatives

• when gardens are created on unused land in towns and cities

• aim is to increase the connection people have with food production and contribute to a sustainable system kf food production

• HICs- run locally/voluntarily to contribute to a sustainable future

• LICs-important part of food security + contribute to income + nutrition by providing fresh fruit, veg + meat

• many major cities in USA have wrll established urban farming communities

• other countries allocate allotments, allowing people with small or no gardens to produce their own food

local food

• local food consumption in HICs can benefit people in LICs

• this reduces the crops grown by LICs for export

sustainable meat

• there are many views on whether the production of meat dor human consumption is sustainable esp considering the huge cost to the environment

• feeding animals grains and concentrated feeds indoors is less sustainable than the traditional method of grazing animals è.g sheep outdoors on grass (pasture fed)

• grazing livestock outdoors can also be a good way to maintain the landscape such as moorlands in the UK

• producing other meat è.g chicken + pork, using free-range methods where the animals are able to go outside for at least part of their lives + exhibiting more natural behaviours, is also seen as more sustainable than rearing tgem intesively indoors

• many countries have developed labelling systems to enable consumers to identify meat produced by more sustainable methods è.g freedom food logo used in UK

sustainable fish

• sustainable sourcing of fish = whrn fish are farmed/fished in a place where the species can maintain its population indefinitely, and without impacting on other species in the ecosystem by removing their food source or damaging the ohysical environment

• identifying fish that are sustainable is very difficult due to the difficulties in accurately assessing fish populations

• in addition, methods used to catxh the fish can impact on the sustainablity of the fish

• large-scale purse seine net fishing for tuna catches many other species due to the small hikes in nets not allowing them to escape - these other species are often returned to the sea dead = by catch

• more sustainable fishing method è.g using pole snd line

• seabed dredging or bottom trawling for shellfish can destroy the entire sea floor ecosystem

• diving is more sustainable - only selecting the mature ones

• sustainable fishing for tuna + shellfish can also come from fish farms, including mussels + freshwater fish

• HOWEVER some large scale fish farming has caused inc problems for marine ecosystems by introducing diseases to the wild fish population + polluting the surrounding waters wiyh chemicals, antibiotics + vaccines used to control diseases in intensively farmed fish

why do we waste food - UK (3)

• farmers - grow more than they need so they don’t have to pay fines to supermarkets (for not growing enough) unwanted food goes in bin

• supermarkets - put up offers so they gain more money and makes consumers buy more than whst they need

• consumers - buy more than ehat tgey need - end up throwing away kots of food - stick to use by dates and throw food away if it’s passed its date - even if tgey are still safe to eat

difference between food waste and food loss

food waste is food that is food bought by consumers and is then wasted in the home. food loss is food that is lost in any stage kf production before it enters the home

ways of reducing food waste

• eat smaller portions

• learn to preserve products jn season - freeze, pickle, can, make jam

• shop more carefully - buy exactly what you need or plan meals

• look carefully at use by dates

• but odd shaprd veg tgen expecting perfect ones + encourage supermarkets to stock them

• supermarkets need to reduce confusion over ‘best before’ and ‘use by’ dates on packaging

• compost peelings + other veg waste - ensuring they don’t go to landfill sites - vut return nutrients to the soil

example - local sustainable food production

Jamalpur district

where is Jamalpur district

• south of asia

• bangladesh

• india almost completely surrounds Jamalpur and Myanmar is on the East kf Bangladesh

• bangladesh opens into the ocean and is only a few meters above sea level

• bangladesh has a river running through bangladesh into the ocean

what does NGO stand for

and what is it

N-non

G-governmental

O-organisation

charity

è.g red cross and practicle action aim is to fix poverty through technology practicle action is working in: india, chile, kenya, etheopia, somalia

rice-fish culture

sustainability

LOOK IN BOOK 1 OCTOBER

• NGO added fish to pools to add nutrience from their fences

• NGO added nets to protect fish from predators

• NGO added pellets given to feed fish + the fish oxygenate the water

end product is increased yield. More rice = more income

sustainability

environmentalaly - rice and fish benefit + no artificial fertilisers

economically- more money- expanding the business - education

socially- information can be passed on

what is a subsistence farmer

is a farmer who grows just enough for their family