Neuro EXAM 1 Case Studies and Photo Recognition

14 yo vietnamese girl had a seizure and at ER could not move her right arm or see to her left. She was also quite thin and short and hard of hearing. A month later she was back in the ER and completely unable to move her left arm and hearing was worse; HER DIAGNOSIS IS…

MELAS Syndrome (Mitochondrial Encephalopathy with Lactic Acidosis and stroke) - MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGY FAILURE

Point out all the glial cells

Proof check

What does this image show

Astrocytoma (excess build up of Astrocytes, forming tumor or mass)

36 year old engineer developed incoordination of his left arm and tendency to fall to his left, along with headaches; his diagnosis IS…

Astrocytoma

15-month-old boy admitted for continual screaming, vomiting, and enlaraging head - he deteriorated and died 3 weeks later; His diagnosis is..

Alexander disease (Astrocytes fill with GFAP protein and fail)

what does this image show

Build up of GFAP in astrocytes (Alexander Disease)

What system is shown in this image

Parasympathetic System (rest and digestion)

What system is shown in this image

Sympathetic System (prepares body for action)

Medial

toward middle

Ipsilateral

same side

Anterior vs. Posterior

Head side and Tail end

Proximal

near center

Dorsal

toward back

Lateral 

toward side

Contralateral

Opposite side

Distal

toward periphery

Ventral

toward belly

Afferent

carries impulses INTO region of interest (sensory)

Efferent

carries impulses AWAY from a region of interest (Motor)

Name the 3 planes and point to them

check for accuracy

Name the 3 splits

Check for accuracy

Which area of the brain is shown in this image; what does it do?

Basal Ganglia - in charge of movement control

What area of the brain is shown in this image; what does it do?

Limbic System - in charge of emotional memory regulation

Point out the cerebellum in this image; what does it do?

in charge of motor coordination and learning

What area of the brain is shown in this image; what does it do?

Reticular formation - regulates sleep and arousal (makes sure you sleep and wake up), also regulates body temperature

What is Meninges

Brain Wrappings

Name what each layer of meninges is

check for accuracy

what connects brain areas?

White matter tracts (axons)

What are the 5 ways of visualizing human brain?

CT, MR, DTI, PET, and fMRI

CT scan

computed tomography scan (uses x-rays absorption to show tissue density)

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging (uses magnetic and radio waves that differ by tissue density)

DTI

Diffusion Tensor imaging (maps white matter pathways of the brain using diffusion of water molecules)

fMRI

function magnetic resonance imaging (uses magnetic and radio waves to produce imaging of brain WHILE it is functioning) - DETECTS changes in brain metabolism like oxygen use in active brain areas

PET

Positron Emission Tomography (uses radioactive tracers (chemicals) to access brain ACTIVITY)

how can denser tissues be identified in brain scan?

whiter image

In a DTI scan what directions are each of the colors of White matter tract pathways?

Blue: up and down

Red: side to side

Green: projecting front and back

doctor found several cataracts in baby when he was a few weeks old and at 4 months he became severely retarded; what is his diagnosis??

LOWE SYNDROME (can’t make golgi sacs so cellular processes are disrupted)

Sheila fell in her garden and cut her leg. She was taken to ER and her wound was cleaned and stitched, but had to return to ER because FACE ACHED and could NOT OPEN MOUTH. She looked unwell and complained of DIFFUSE PAIN - her condition worsened 24 hours later, she developed jaw stiffness and severe back and limb spasms

TETANUS (bacterial infection related to toxin that inhibit glycine release and causes muscle stiffness and spasms)

Intrinsic Proteins

receptors and ion channels; give neuron the necessary properties for SIGNALING

Railtracks of Neurons

Microtubules

STATIC support structure of Neuron

Neurofilaments

Point out the Neurofilaments and Microtubules

check for accuracy

Explain Anterograde vs. Reterograde transport an proteins involved

SOMA to TERMINA (ant and kinesin involved) - TERMINAL to SOMA (ret, and dynein involved) - > all of this happens along the MICROTUBULES

what do leak channels do

allow potassium to exit the cell more freely than Na+ enters (this is why inside of neuron is more negative)

Ion distribution of Ca2+

many outside cell and fewer inside

Ion distribution of Cl-

many outside the cell and few on the inside

Ion distribution of Proteins (-)

many inside cell and fewer outside cell

Why does sodium potassium pump require energy in the form of ATP?

Because it is moving ions AGAINST concentration gradient (Na+ from inside to outside (low to high) and K+ from outside to inside (low to high))

How does tetrodoxin work?

it comes form pufferfish (fugu) and prevents nerve impulses by blocking voltage gated Sodium channels by binding to them and fails respiratory system. -makes it impossible for Na+ TO ENTER CELL and thus ACTION POTENTIALS cannot be fired preventing nerve signaling.

where do graded potentials occur?

Dendrites

What is true about Na+ gradient ions at the peak of action potential?

the concentration gradient pushing Na+ ions into the cell equals positive charge driving them out.

Saltatory Conduction

signal movement along myelinated axon

What happens when a neurotransmitter bind to an autoreceptor?

autoreceptors are located int he pre-synaptic neuron so it will decrease release 

Explain the Chemical Transmission Process

check notes for accuracy

what is 5 HT?

Serotonin

what is MAO?

Monoamine Oxidase - mitochondrial enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters in the synapse

What leads to alzheimers?

when there is too little acetycholine caused by excess breakdown

Gap Junctions

channels between adjacent cells that allow direct and rapid exchange of small molecules, ions, and electrical signals

HOW does EPSP flow down until it reaches axon hillock?

Passively

What is a Ligand?

It is a term used for any substance that can bind to a targeted protein; in this case a NEUROTRANSMITTER

Absense Seizure

only last few seconds, instant recovey, no weird muscle movements except zoning out and stopping and staring. Brain waves show rhythm.

What does glycine do?

this is an inhibitory NT and its release prevents muscles from being rigid because it stops nerve signals that make muscles contract. TETANUS bacteria blocks the release of glycine.

What is opisthotonus?

weird position where back is arched with head and heels touching the ground; symptoms start with stiff neck, twitchign muscles, feeling of suffocation, then violent convulsions.(that guy in hospital bed that looks like hes doing a back bend)

CAUSED BY: strychnine poisoning which blocks glycine (GLYCINE antagonist)

Explain the different between competitive and non-competitive antagonist?

competitive just takes ligands stop and causes COMPLETE block and non-competitive sits somewhere near ligand binding site so ligand can still bind but it will only have half of the effect its supposed to have (HALF blocked)

List the Amino Acids

Glutamate, GABA, Glycine, Aspartate

2 types of monoamines

Catecholamines and Indolamines

List catecholamines

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

name an indolamine

Serotonin

name the 3 glutamate receptors and agonists

AMPA, NMDA, and Kainate

What is excitotoxicity?

neural injury such as head trauma or stroke causes excess release of glutamate, which kills neurons

List the agonists of GABA

Barbiturate, Benzodiazepine, ethanol, neurosteroids

explain process of catecholamine synthesis STEP by STEP

there are 5 steps - check for accuracy

Which pathway is shown here

Serotonin

Which pathway is shown here

Norepinephrine

Which pathway is shown here

Dopamine

Which pathway is shown here

Cholinergic

Neuroleptic

drug used to treat aggressive behavior and schizophrenia (DOPAMINE antagonist)

Neuromodulator examples

adenosine

What are thee 2 types of antidepressants and what do they do

Tricyclic: increase norepinephrine and serotonin in synapses by blocking reuptake

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs): cause serotonin to build up in the synapses( FEWER SIDE EFFECTS than tricyclics)

Anxiolytic

tranquilizers that reduce nervous system activity

Which anxiolytic is produced by astrocytes?

Diazepum-binding inhibitor

which neurotransmitter is blocked by alcohol and which is enhanced?

Glutamate blocked and GABA enhanced

Explain alcohol use and this image

check to make sure

How do opioids work?

GABA inhibition (reduce GABAergic inhibition) in ventral tegmental area causing excess release of dopamine providing feelings of analgesia; also binds to mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, inhibiting pain signaling

What is the Periaqueductal gray (PAG)?

-where opioids relieve physical and emotional pain

How did bayer try to solve his codeine addiction?

he tried to use heroin as a cure but it metabolized into morphine and he got addicted to that instead.

endocannabinoid system

network of receptors, enzymes, and chemical messengers that are in charge of pain perception, digestion, mood/emotion, sleep etc.

which neurotransmitter is ventral tegmental area associated with?

Dopamine

Main mechanism of cocaine

blocks monoamine transporters which enhances effects of dopamine/ - Alertness, energy, and euphoria

main mechanism of marijuana

binds to cannabinoid receptors and mimicks effects of endocannabinoids

main mechanism of nicotine

binds to nicotinic ACh receptor in ventral tegmental region which leads to excess release of dopamine and increases ALERTNESS

what is CART

cocain - amphetamine regulated transcript - peptide involved in pleasure sensations from these drugs and in appetite suppression

main mechanism of amphetamines

block reuptake and increase release of catecholamines - develop conditions like schizophrenia from excess dopamine - long term effects: severe brain damage, cognitive decline, and cardiovascular damage.

What are adderall and Ritalin?

These are both medications for ADHD that improve function; Adderall: increasses dopamine and norepinephrine release and Ritalin: blocks dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake.

what does release of oxytocin do

enhances feelings of TRUST and CONNECTION

stem cells

they self-renew and can convert into different types of cells

a high school student has a seizure at school and was brought to CMC neurology clinic for evaluation - he had red hive like rashes on his face which indicated problem in the BRAIN.

TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS - white part (GLIAL cells excessive in the brain way MORE than neural cells)

Pachygyria

disorders in cell migration step of brain development that cause brain malformation