Infectious, Genetic, and Systemic Diseases Reference Guide

Comprehensive vocabulary terms and definitions covering bacterial, fungal, parasitic, viral, genetic diseases, and various body system disorders based on the lecture transcript.

Boil

Localized skin infection usually caused by staphylococcus bacteria

Botulism

Type of food poisoning caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium $Clostridium\,botulinum$

Chlamydia

Sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium $Chlamydia\,trachomatis$

Conjunctivitis

Commonly called pink eye, this condition is highly contagious when the cause is bacterial; can also be caused by viruses and allergies

Gonorrhea

Highly contagious condition transmitted by sexual intercourse and caused by gonococcus bacteria

Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) disease

Transferred by respiratory droplets; can cause difficulty breathing through either epiglottitis and a sore throat or pneumonia with a fever

Impetigo

A Staphylococcus or Streptococcus infection commonly found in children that causes lesions on the face or lower leg; treated with antibiotics

Legionnaires' disease

Acute type of bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionnaire bacillus, a gram-negative organism that grows in standing water

Lyme disease

Arthropod-borne disease caused by the spirochete $Borrelia\,burgdorferi$ and transmitted by deer ticks

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Infection that causes red, swollen, painful pustules and is not responsive to methicillin and similar antibiotics

Peptic ulcer

Gastrointestinal infection that causes gnawing or burning stomach pain; caused by the bacterium $Helicobacter\,pylori$

Pertussis

Also called whooping cough; caused by bacillus bacteria

Rheumatic fever

Febrile (characterized by fever) disease, usually occurring after a streptococcal infection

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Infectious disease produced by the toxins from the tetanus bacillus; first sign is stiffness of the jaw

Tuberculosis (TB)

Disease caused by various strains of the bacterium $Mycobacterium\,tuberculosis$ that primarily affects the lungs

Candidiasis

Commonly called a "yeast infection," most commonly caused by $Candida\,albicans$; may be oropharyngeal (thrush), vaginal, or invasive

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

Infection that causes fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, and fatigue; caused by $Pneumocystis\,jirovecii$

Tinea (ringworm)

Fungal skin infection; includes tinea corporis (trunk), tinea capitis (scalp), and tinea pedis (athlete's foot)

Giardiasis

Disease transmitted by the oral-fecal route and through untreated water; causes diarrhea

Malaria

Disease transmitted to humans from the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito; protozoan parasites invade red blood cells

Pinworm

Common in children and transmitted by the oral-fecal route; causes anal itching and nighttime restlessness from eggs deposited around the anus

Scabies

Highly contagious skin condition resulting from a mite that burrows beneath the skin, leaving red lines of inflammation from its feces

Trichomoniasis

Condition that affects the reproductive organs and can be transmitted through sexual intercourse

AIDS

Syndrome caused by HIV ($human\,immunodeficiency\,virus$), resulting in decreased resistance to infections; transmitted by blood and body fluids

Chickenpox

Highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus, also called varicella; shingles is caused by the same virus

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Most common sexually transmitted infection; some strains cause harmless verrucae (warts), others are risk factors for cervical cancer

Albinism

Genetic condition in which a person is born with little or no pigmentation in the skin, eyes, or hair

Cystic fibrosis

Life-threatening disease affecting the lungs and pancreas; one of the most common inherited disorders among Caucasians in the United States

Down syndrome

Abnormal cell division involving chromosome $21$ that results in physical abnormalities and form of mental disability

Fragile X syndrome

Most common inherited cause of learning disability, caused by a defect on one of the genes on the $X$ chromosome

Hemophilia

Inheritable bleeding disorder in which an essential clotting factor is low or missing, primarily affecting males

Klinefelter syndrome

Disorder in which males have an extra $X$ chromosome, resulting in tall stature, infertility, and slightly lower intelligence

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Genetic disorder in which the body is unable to properly eliminate phenylalanine, potentially leading to organ damage and mental disability

Turner syndrome

Disorder resulting when females have a single $X$ chromosome; symptoms include a webbed neck, short stature, and infertility

Basal cell carcinoma

Skin cancer that originates from the basal layer of the epidermis and rarely metastasizes

Malignant melanoma

Skin cancer that arises from melanocytes and often metastasizes

Myasthenia gravis

Autoimmune condition where antibodies prevent muscles from receiving neurotransmitters from neurons, causing muscle weakness

Torticollis

Also known as wry neck; a condition due to abnormally contracted neck muscles where the head bends toward the contracted side

Thrombocytopenia

A condition in which there are too few platelets, causing abnormal bleeding

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Death of heart tissue due to deprivation of oxygen (heart attack)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

An autoimmune disorder affecting many organ systems, usually including joint pain and swelling; affects females more often than males

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A group of lung disorders in which obstruction limits airflow, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Commonly known as Lou Gehrig disease; a fatal disorder characterized by the degeneration of neurons in the spinal cord and brain

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Hereditary disorder in which the kidneys enlarge because of the presence of many cysts within them

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

The nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland

Endometriosis

A condition in which tissues that make up the lining of the uterus grow outside the uterus

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

An acute or chronic infection of the reproductive tract caused by untreated STIs or bacteria

Cholelithiasis

Hardened deposits of bile (gallstones) that can form in the gallbladder

Crohn disease

A type of inflammatory bowel disease that most often affects the ileum (lower part of the small intestine)

Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)

Occurs when stomach acids are pushed into the esophagus; can cause erosion and esophageal cancer if untreated

Celiac disease

An immune reaction to eating gluten that causes the body to attack the small intestinal mucosa

Acromegaly

Condition caused by the secretion of too much growth hormone after puberty, causing enlargement of hands, feet, and face

Dwarfism

Abnormal underdevelopment of the body due to hyposecretion of growth hormone (GH); adult height is $4$ feet $10$ inches or less

Glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure caused by a buildup of aqueous humor; can lead to permanent damage of the optic nerve

Ménière's disease

Disturbance in equilibrium characterized by vertigo (dizziness), ringing in the ears, nausea, and progressive hearing loss

Pneumonia

respiratory condition in which lung tissue is inflamed usually causing difficulty breathing and a cough. can also be cause by fungus or chemicals

strep throat

inflammation and infection of the throat caused by streptococcus bacteria syphilis

syphilis

Infectious venereal disease usually transmitted by sexual contact. caused by a spirochete bacterium

amebic dysentery

condition characterized by loose stool, causes inflammation of the intestines

lice

can affect the head or the pubic area. transmitted by contact with personal items used by someone who is infected. can causing itching in the affected area

covid 19

acute viral illness affecting multiple body systems caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus

hepatitis

has types A,B,C,D, and E and are all caused by a virus. this disease affects the liver and can cause mild to moderate symptoms or chronic illness and possibly death. healthcare workers are encouraged to be vaccinated for hepatitis B because they are at risk for contact with client blood and body fluids

herpes

HSV 1 causes cold sores and is very contagious and is spread through contact with infected saliva. HSV 2 found in genitals and is sexually transmitted. there can be a cross over with HSV 1 infecting the genitals and HSV 2 infecting the mouth

(HIV) human immunodeficiency virus

Virus that destroys the immune system can result in AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

influenza

an infection of both the upper and lower respiratory tract

Mononucleosis

highly contagious viral infection spread through the saliva of the infected person. caused by either epstein-barr virus or the cytome galovirus (CMV)

norovirus

most common cause of food-borne illness in the US causes diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, fever, headache, and body aches

(RSV) respiratory syncytial virus

infection that causes cough, sneezing, runny nose, fever, loss of appetite, wheezing, and dyspnea