The Impact of the Slave Trade and European Expansion

African slave trade

Large-scale capture and forced transportation of Africans.

European intermediaries

Africans who supplied captives through warfare and raids.

Depopulation

Significant reduction of population due to slave trade.

Psychological trauma

Severe mental distress experienced by enslaved Africans.

Portuguese trading motives

Dominated gold trade by building coastal forts.

Dutch East India Company

Established in 1602 to control spice trade.

Cape of Good Hope

Permanent colony established by the Dutch.

Middle Eastern slavery

Initial primary market for slaves before European trade.

Sugar plantations

Required extensive labor, leading to increased slave demand.

Triangular Trade

Three-legged route connecting Africa, Americas, and Europe.

Middle Passage

Middle leg of triangular trade, transporting enslaved Africans.

Slave ship conditions

Overcrowded, lacking sanitation, lasting over 100 days.

Economic effects

Manufactured goods caused poverty for some families.

Political effects

Slave maintenance led to warfare and violence.

Quakers' abolition movement

1770s movement advocating for the end of slavery.

Columbian Exchange

Global trade network resulting from European expansion.

Ecological impact

Introduction of European animals affected local farming.

Mestizos

Children of interracial marriages between whites and natives.

Interracial marriages

Allowed by Spanish rulers, creating new social dynamics.

Catholic missionaries

Played a role in spreading Christianity during expansion.

Jesuits

Roman Catholic order focused on converting others.

Chinese Missionaries

Jesuits who traveled to China for conversion.

Confucianism

Philosophy with similarities to Christianity, aiding conversions.

Ancestor Worship

Practice allowed to ease Chinese conversions to Catholicism.

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

Nun who promoted women's education through poetry.

Felix de Azara

Author of 'Description and History of Paraguay'.

Price Revolution

Inflation affecting Europe, especially food costs.

Commercial Capitalism

Economic system focused on trade and investment.

Joint-stock Companies

Investors buy shares for profits from ventures.

Amsterdam Bank

Established in 1609, hub for trading stocks.

Mercantilism

Economic policy emphasizing exports over imports.

Protectionist Trade Policies

Measures to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

High Tariffs

Taxes on imports to limit foreign competition.

Overseas Colonies

Territories established to enhance global trade.

Globalization

Process of increasing international trade and interaction.

Spanish Conquistadors

Explorers like Pizarro and Cortes who claimed territories.

Agricultural System

80% of Europeans worked in agriculture during this period.

Family Banking Firms

Financial institutions supporting trade and investment.

Spherical Representation

Mercator Projection improved cartography of the world.

Indigenous Populations

Native peoples affected by missionary and colonial efforts.

Cultural Transformation

Changes in beliefs and practices due to external influences.

Economic Conditions

Factors influencing trade and commerce in the 16th century.

Tensions Among States

Conflicts arising from competition for resources and trade.

Rich Deposits

Significant gold and silver finds in Mexico and Peru.

Wage Earners

Workers whose living standards fell during inflation.