lab practical

SIR model

Tracks the movement of people through susceptible, infected, and recovered to predict disease spread.

Direct transmission

Disease moves from one host to another through direct contact.

Indirect transmission

Disease moves through an intermediate agent between hosts.

R0

Basic reproductive number predicting disease spread speed in a population.

Herd immunity

Occurs when enough individuals are immune to prevent disease spread.

Inanimate vector

Agent spreading pathogens without being alive.

Biological Vector

Agent spreading pathogens and transmitting disease.

Fecal-oral transmission

Infected fecal material enters a susceptible individual.

Susceptible individual (S)

Capable of being infected.

Antibiotics

Chemicals targeting processes unique to bacteria.

Viral Vs Bacterial infection

Bacterial treated with antibiotics.

Quarantine

Physically isolating infected individuals to stop disease transmission.

Infections period (L)

Average time an infected person transmits the disease.

Transmission rate (β)

Rate of disease transmission between infected and susceptible individuals.

Infections individual (I)

Infected with the pathogen and able to transmit.

Virulence

Level of harm caused by a pathogen to a host.

Ecological Niche

Position of a species within an ecosystem.

Competitive exclusion

Only one species can occupy an ecological niche.

Fundamental niche

Potential niche a species could occupy.

Realized niche

Actual niche a species occupies.

Ethogram

Inventory of meaningful behaviors categorized and defined.

Agonistic behavior

Aggressive interactions revealing dominance relationships.

Foraging behavior

Behaviors showing food preferences and feeding habits.

Mating behavior

Includes mate choice, competition, and parental care.

Action Potential

Short pulses of electrical activity traveling along neurons.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals carrying information between neurons.

Synapse

Allows neurons to communicate with each other.

Membrane potential

Voltage difference between inside and outside of a cell.

Na+/K+ Ion pump

Maintains osmotic equilibrium and membrane potential.

Transduction

Change in membrane potential in response to a stimulus.

Membrane potential

voltage difference between inside and outside of the cell (Vm)

Resting potential

determined by concentration gradients of ions across the membrane and membrane permeability

Action potential

involves Na+ and K+ ion channels opening and closing

Active transport

pumping of molecules or ions through a membrane against their concentration gradient

Carrying capacity

the number of individuals an environment can support based on available resources

Exponential growth

unlimited growth without resource limitations

Logistic growth

growth limited by resource abundance

Null hypothesis

states no effect or relationship, results are by chance

Alternative hypothesis

claims an effect or relationship exists

Trophic levels

position of an organism in the food chain

Keystone species

have large effects on the community despite being rare

Competitive dominance hierarchy

summarizes competitive relationships among species in a community

Nutrient pollution

excess nutrients added to an aquatic system

Biomagnification

concentration of a contaminant increases through trophic levels

Limiting nutrient

nutrient whose addition increases growth of primary producers