syd renal patho

How is Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease inherited?

Autosomal dominant

How is Childhood Polycystic Kidney Disease inherited?

Autosomal recessive

When do signs of renal failure manifest clinically in patients with Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease?

30s-40s

When do signs of renal failure manifest clinically in patients with Childhood Polycystic Kidney Disease?

Newborn period

What conditions are associated with Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease?

Berry aneurysms and liver cysts

Which congenital kidney disorders can lead to a Potter's sequence?

Bilateral agenesis or cystic dysplasia

What facial features are associated with the Potter sequence?

Prominent infraorbital folds, low-set ears, small receding chin, & flattened nose

What extremity features are associated with the Potter sequence?

Redundant skin folds of the hands & abnormally bent lower extremities (club feet)

What is the #1 cause of death in infants with Potter's sequence?

Pulmonary hypoplasia

What is the most common cystic congenital renal disease?

Renal cystic dysplasia

What is the most common non-cystic congenital renal disease?

Horseshoe kidney

What are the 3 components of the glomerular filtration membrane?

Fenestrated capillary endothelium (CL), glomerular basement membrane (BM), & podocytes (US)

What are the four types of kidney stones?

Calcium, Struvite, Uric Acid, and Cysteine

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

Calcium stones

What is another name for a struvite stone?

Triple stones

Which of the types of kidney stones are associated with Proteus converting ammonia from urea?

Struvite stones (Staghorn Calculi)

What term is used to describe dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces associated with progressive atrophy of the kidney due to obstruction to the outflow of urine?

Hydronephrosis

What are possible causes of hydronephrosis?

Kidney stones, BPH, tumors

What happens to the transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis and calyces in hydronephrosis?

Becomes paper-thin

What are urinalysis findings in acute cystitis and acute pyelonephritis?

Presence of bacteria, pus, and WBCs

What causes the formation of WBC casts in the urine?

Stacking of neutrophils in the tubules

Where are renal cell carcinomas located?

Upper or lower poles of the kidney

What are transitional cell carcinomas located?

Hilus of the renal pelvis

What is Wilms tumor?

A genetic, embryologic kidney cancer that occurs in children

What is the prognosis for Wilms tumors?

Good if detected before metastasis

How are Wilms tumors diagnosed histologically?

Metanephric blastic tissue must be present

What is the most important risk factor for both RCC and transitional cell carcinomas?

Cigarette smoking

Are RCC and urinary bladder cancers more common in men or women?

Men

Between RCC and urinary bladder cancers, which is two times more common than the other, but accounts for the same number

of deaths?

Urinary bladder cancer

What causes the yellow/orange color of RCC grossly?

Increased glycogen

What is the classic triad of RCC clinically?

Hematuria, dull flank pain, & palpable abdominal mass

What is the prototype glomerular nephritic syndrome?

Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

What characterizes a nephritic syndrome?

Spilling RBCs into the urine

What characterizes a nephrotic syndrome?

Spilling protein into the urine

What does granularity of the basement membrane on immunofluoresence microscopy indicate?

Presence of immune complexes

What is the #1 immune complex nephritic syndrome?

Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

What is the most immune complex nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

What is another name for crescentic glomerulonephritis?

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

Is what renal condition are RBC casts present in the urine?

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Minimal Change/Nils Disease

Which glomerular disease causes nephrotic syndrome without a nephritic syndrome as well?

Minimal Change/Nils Disease

What are the characteristic histologic findings in membranous glomerulonephritis?

Thickening of the GBM with deposition of granular immune complexes

What is the etiology of renal papillary necrosis?

Ischemia & infection

In what patients is renal papillary necrosis usually seen?

Diabetics with acute pyelonephritis

What is the only way to diagnose Minimal Change/Nils Disease?

Scanning EM

What findings are present on scanning EM in Minimal Change/Nils Disease?

Flattening of podocyte foot processes, absence of immune deposits, & normal GBM