Study Guide BFI - History Theme 1 : 1930-1945 (copy)

What economic event caused widespread hardship and challenges to democracy in the US during the 1930s?

The Great Depression.

What ecological disaster in the 1930s contributed to economic disruption in the US?

The Dust Bowl.

What were the government programs initiated in the New Deal called?

Alphabet Agencies.

What term describes a government that assumes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens, especially in times of need?

Welfare State.

What program provides financial support to retirees in the US?

Social Security.

What economic theory suggests that government spending can help stimulate the economy during downturns?

Keynesian economics.

What agreement in 1936 recognized workers' rights to unionize in France?

Matignon Agreement.

Which coalition of French leftist parties came to power in 1936?

French Popular Front.

Why did the Democratic Party become associated with African Americans in the 1960s?

Due to the Civil Rights Act signed by Lyndon B. Johnson.

How did the Great Depression challenge American democracy?

It caused economic and social hardship that made people more prone to radical political changes.

What was one major cause of the stock market crash in 1929?

Buying on margin.

What was the impact of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff on international trade?

It limited international trade, worsening the economic situation.

What were makeshift housing areas for the homeless during the Great Depression called?

Hoovervilles.

What was a major psychological effect of the Great Depression on the populace?

People lost their will to survive.

How many banks closed as a result of the Great Depression?

9,000 banks.

What was the unemployment rate during the Great Depression?

15 million unemployed, about a third of the workforce.

What did President Hoover famously oppose during the Great Depression?

Federal welfare or direct relief to the needy.

What program did FDR implement to restore the US economy?

The New Deal.

What were the two primary parts of the New Deal?

Restructuring the economy and providing relief.

What did the Agricultural Adjustment Act aim to do?

Limit overproduction from farmers' crops.

What did the National Industrial Recovery Act establish?

Recognition of unions and setting minimum wages.

Which program employed millions on public infrastructure projects during the New Deal?

Civil Works Administration (CWA).

What major reform was included in the Social Security Act of 1935?

Retirement benefits for workers.

What act was passed to restore faith in the banking system during the New Deal?

Emergency Banking Act.

What did the Glass-Steagall Act do?

It regulated banks and curbed irresponsible speculation.

How did FDR's policies redefine the Democratic Party?

As a Big Government party focused on social welfare and economic reforms.

What is the concept of positive liberty associated with?

The idea that freedom requires access to basic resources to flourish.

What historical trauma led to large-scale immigration and social changes in post-WWI France?

The deaths of 1.3 million soldiers in WWI.

What significant labor reforms were enacted by the French Popular Front under Leon Blum?

40-hour work week, paid holidays, and wage increases.

What concept describes the total takeover or extreme control of every aspect of life by the government?

Totalitarianism.

What was Hitler's primary method of gaining and maintaining power?

Propaganda and terror.

What did the Nazis employ to create a new community ideology?

Volksgemeinschaft.

Which agreement did Hitler violate by expanding Germany’s military forces?

The Treaty of Versailles.

What was the significance of the Night of the Long Knives?

It consolidated Hitler's control by eliminating political rivals.

What was one major consequence of the Nuremberg Laws enacted in 1935?

They institutionalized racial discrimination against Jews.

What does collectivization refer to in the Soviet context?

The consolidation of individual land and labor into collective farms.

How did Stalin's Five-Year Plans affect agriculture in the Soviet Union?

They forced rapid industrialization at the expense of agricultural productivity.

What term describes the massive political repression in the Soviet Union during the 1930s?

The Great Purge.

How did the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact impact the start of WWII?

It allowed Hitler to invade Poland without fearing a Soviet response.

What was the primary goal of Operation Barbarossa?

The invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Stalingrad?

A significant turning point in the war where Soviet forces defeated the Nazis.

What was the Allied strategy during D-Day?

A massive amphibious invasion to retake France.

What was the Holocaust, and how many Jews were killed?

The systematic genocide of 6 million Jews by the Nazis.

What was the Manhattan Project?

The secret US project to develop atomic weapons during WWII.

What economic event caused widespread hardship and challenges to democracy in the US during the 1930s?

The Great Depression.

What ecological disaster in the 1930s contributed to economic disruption in the US?

The Dust Bowl.

What were the government programs initiated in the New Deal called?

Alphabet Agencies.

What term describes a government that assumes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens, especially in times of need?

Welfare State.

What program provides financial support to retirees in the US?

Social Security.

What economic theory suggests that government spending can help stimulate the economy during downturns?

Keynesian economics.

What agreement in 1936 recognized workers' rights to unionize in France?

Matignon Agreement.

Which coalition of French leftist parties came to power in 1936?

French Popular Front.

Why did the Democratic Party become associated with African Americans in the 1960s?

Due to the Civil Rights Act signed by Lyndon B. Johnson.

How did the Great Depression challenge American democracy?

It caused economic and social hardship that made people more prone to radical political changes.

What was one major cause of the stock market crash in 1929?

Buying on margin.

What was the impact of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff on international trade?

It limited international trade, worsening the economic situation.

What were makeshift housing areas for the homeless during the Great Depression called?

Hoovervilles.

What was a major psychological effect of the Great Depression on the populace?

People lost their will to survive.

How many banks closed as a result of the Great Depression?

9,000 banks.

What was the unemployment rate during the Great Depression?

15 million unemployed, about a third of the workforce.

What did President Hoover famously oppose during the Great Depression?

Federal welfare or direct relief to the needy.

What program did FDR implement to restore the US economy?

The New Deal.

What were the two primary parts of the New Deal?

Restructuring the economy and providing relief.

What did the Agricultural Adjustment Act aim to do?

Limit overproduction from farmers' crops.

What did the National Industrial Recovery Act establish?

Recognition of unions and setting minimum wages.

Which program employed millions on public infrastructure projects during the New Deal?

Civil Works Administration (CWA).

What major reform was included in the Social Security Act of 1935?

Retirement benefits for workers.

What act was passed to restore faith in the banking system during the New Deal?

Emergency Banking Act.

What did the Glass-Steagall Act do?

It regulated banks and curbed irresponsible speculation.

How did FDR's policies redefine the Democratic Party?

As a Big Government party focused on social welfare and economic reforms.

What is the concept of positive liberty associated with?

The idea that freedom requires access to basic resources to flourish.

What historical trauma led to large-scale immigration and social changes in post-WWI France?

The deaths of 1.3 million soldiers in WWI.

What significant labor reforms were enacted by the French Popular Front under Leon Blum?

40-hour work week, paid holidays, and wage increases.

What concept describes the total takeover or extreme control of every aspect of life by the government?

Totalitarianism.

What was Hitler's primary method of gaining and maintaining power?

Propaganda and terror.

What did the Nazis employ to create a new community ideology?

Volksgemeinschaft.

Which agreement did Hitler violate by expanding Germany’s military forces?

The Treaty of Versailles.

What was the significance of the Night of the Long Knives?

It consolidated Hitler's control by eliminating political rivals.

What was one major consequence of the Nuremberg Laws enacted in 1935?

They institutionalized racial discrimination against Jews.

What does collectivization refer to in the Soviet context?

The consolidation of individual land and labor into collective farms.

How did Stalin's Five-Year Plans affect agriculture in the Soviet Union?

They forced rapid industrialization at the expense of agricultural productivity.

What term describes the massive political repression in the Soviet Union during the 1930s?

The Great Purge.

How did the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact impact the start of WWII?

It allowed Hitler to invade Poland without fearing a Soviet response.

What was the primary goal of Operation Barbarossa?

The invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Stalingrad?

A significant turning point in the war where Soviet forces defeated the Nazis.

What was the Allied strategy during D-Day?

A massive amphibious invasion to retake France.

What was the Holocaust, and how many Jews were killed?

The systematic genocide of 6 million Jews by the Nazis.

What was the Manhattan Project?

The secret US project to develop atomic weapons during WWII.

What were the main causes of WWII?

Aggression by Axis powers, failure of appeasement, and unresolved issues from WWI.

Who were the major Allied powers during WWII?

United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union.

Who were the major Axis powers during WWII?

Germany, Italy, and Japan.

What event is considered the start of WWII?

Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.

What policy did Britain and France adopt toward Germany before the war?

Appeasement.

What was the significance of the Munich Agreement?

An agreement allowing Germany to annex parts of Czechoslovakia.

What was the 'Blitzkrieg' strategy?

A rapid, coordinated military attack using air and land forces.

What role did Winston Churchill play during WWII?

He was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

How did the attack on Pearl Harbor impact WWII?

It led the United States to enter the war.

What was the Battle of Britain?

An aerial battle between the German Luftwaffe and the British Royal Air Force.

What was the Lend-Lease Act?

A program allowing the US to supply Allied nations with war materials.