Evolution

Macroevolution

________ has common ancestors- but changes over time, some changes very visible but others may not be.

selective pressures

in Sympatric habitats ________ vary even if within the same river /lake.

Microevolution

________ is a change in allele frequencies over time.

Peripatric

________ is a new environment has new selective pressures that vary.

lower

Colonizing groups have ____ genetic diversity than their original population.

measurable traits

When you lose genetic diversity there is lost __________ - which may affect the fitness of the overall populations and damage their health later on.

Mutations

_________ are DNA copied in a weird way.

Heritable traits

________ can evolve if they give the bearer a reproductive advantage.

Genetic drift

________ is completely random, not in response to selection.

Mutations

________ occur during DNA replication (forms a basis of where ________ come from)

Parapatric

________ is ecological differences in habitat lead to assortative mating.

Artificial selection

________ is human decisions drive which individuals breed, and the phenotype of those individuals increases in frequency (intentional or unintentional)

population size

When the ________ shrinks in a bottleneck so does the genetic diversity.

directional selection

In ________ the selection is pointing towards more pigmented coloration not the color green.

Peripatric

________ is small group splits off into a different place.

Genetic drift

________ tends to result in less variation bc rare alleles are lost.

Microevolution

change in allele frequencies over time

Macroevolution

Descent with modification; speciation

Artificial selection

human decisions drive which individuals breed, and the phenotype of those individuals increases in frequency (intentional or unintentional)

natural selection

environmental conditions allow one phenotype more reproductive opportunity than another, and the favor phenotype increases

stabilizing selection

selection pressure stays the same and the population becomes more similar through time and we see less phenotypic variation (bell shaped curve continues to get skinnier)

directional selection

it changes the phenotype frequency into something different

disruptive selection

pushes the phenotype into two different directions; progeny are less like the parents but in two different directions

Phylogenetic trees

display hypothesized relationships between taxa (read the nodes not the tips)

allopatric

is most common; physical barrier splits population

Peripatric

small group splits off into a different place; new environment has new selective pressures that vary

Parapatric

continuous population; ecological differences in habitat lead to assortative mating

Sympatric

rare; selective pressures vary even if within the same river/lake; only ecological or genetic barriers (dependence on specific microhabitat / polyploidy::extra sets of chromosomes)

Speciation

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution; depends on ecology and geography

Founder effects

the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population; small subset of a population goes and finds a new area to live close or far

Bottlenecks

_________ frequently decrease fitness

Bottlenecks

Genetic diversity is lost as a result of __________

Rare genetic diversity

__________ gets lost during **genetic drift** bc of its size and not many chances of change and may hurt the population when change needs to occur like in a environmental change and need for diversity is necessary

for evolution to occur there needs to be:

1. phenotypic variation exists
2. traits need to be heritable
3. differential reproductive success

Sources of genetic variation

1. random assortment
2. recombination
3. mutations