Advanced Theories of Bonding

These flashcards cover the key vocabulary terms from the lecture notes on advanced theories of bonding, helping with understanding chemical bonding concepts.

Valence Bond Theory

A theory that describes the formation of covalent bonds as a result of the overlap of atomic orbitals.

Hybrid Atomic Orbitals

Atomic orbitals that are formed when atomic orbitals mix and combine to make new orbitals suitable for the arrangement of electrons in molecules.

σ Bond (Sigma Bond)

A type of covalent bond that occurs when orbitals overlap end to end along the internuclear axis.

π Bond (Pi Bond)

A type of covalent bond that occurs when orbitals overlap side by side, with electron density above and below the internuclear axis.

Multiple Bonds

Covalent bonds that consist of more than one pair of electrons, including one σ bond and one or more π bonds.

Molecular Orbital Theory

A theory that describes the behavior of electrons in molecules in terms of molecular orbitals formed from atomic orbitals.

Orbital Hybridization

The process of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that can form covalent bonds.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.

Dipole Moment

A measure of the separation of positive and negative charges in a molecule; indicates polarity.

Electronegativity

A measure of how strongly atoms attract bonding electrons to themselves.

Paramagnetism

The property of a substance to be attracted by a magnetic field due to the presence of unpaired electrons.

Diamagnetism

The property of a substance to be weakly repelled by a magnetic field due to all electrons being paired.

Bond Order

The number of bonds between two atoms; calculated as the difference between the number of bonding and antibonding electrons divided by two.

Resonance

A concept in chemistry that describes the delocalization of electrons in molecules that cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure.

Lewis Structure

A diagram that represents the valence electrons of atoms within a molecule, showing how they are arranged among the atoms.

VSEPR Theory

A model used to predict the geometry of individual molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs.

Bond Length

The average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.

Molecular Geometry

The three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms in a molecule.