anatomy and physiology endocrine system quiz

endocrine system function

Interacts with the nervous system to coordinate and control the activities in your body

hormones

chemical messengers secreted by cells into extracellular fluids

exocrine glands

externally secreting; release nonhormonal substances, like sweat and saliva, through ducts to the body’s surface

endocrine glands

internally secreting; ductless; release hormones into surrounding tissue fluid (like blood)

negative feedback mechanisms

control the synthesis and release of hormones

hyposecretion

•not enough hormone is released

hypersecretion

•too much hormone is released

humoral stimuli (gland activation)

hormone release caused by altered levels of critical ions or nutrients, simplest endocrine control

neural hormone (gland activation)

hormone release caused by neural input

hormonal stimuli (gland activation)

hormone release caused by another hormone, promotes rhythmic hormone release

permissiveness

when a hormone can’t do its job fully without another hormone present

synergism

when more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell to an amplified combined effect

antagonism

when one hormone opposes the action of aanother

What is the placenta?

organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, facilitating nutrient and gas exchange.

What are estrogens?

group of hormones responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system.

What is progesterone?

a hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle.

What is hCG?

a hormone produced during pregnancy that stimulates the ovaries to produce progesterone.

What are testes?

male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and secreting testosterone.

What is testosterone?

the primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.

What are adrenal glands?

small organs located on top of each kidney that produce hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol.

What are ovaries?

female reproductive organs that produce ova (eggs) and secrete hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

What are alpha cells?

pancreatic cells that produce glucagon, a hormone that raises blood glucose levels.

What is glucagon?

a hormone that increases blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

What are beta cells?

pancreatic cells that produce insulin, a hormone that lowers blood sugar levels.

What is insulin?

hormone that facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, thus lowering blood sugar levels.

What is the pineal gland?

a small endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles.

What is melatonin?

a hormone that regulates sleep patterns and circadian rhythms.

What is the adrenal cortex?

the outer layer of the adrenal glands that produces steroid hormones like cortisol.

What is the adrenal medulla?

the inner part of the adrenal glands that produces adrenaline and norepinephrine.

What are mineralocorticoids?

steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate salt and water balance.

What are glucocorticoids?

steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate metabolism and immune response.

What are gonadocorticoids?

hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that contribute to the development of secondary sex characteristics.

What is epinephrine?

also known as adrenaline, is a hormone that increases heart rate and energy production during stress.

What is norepinephrine?

hormone that helps regulate blood pressure and response to stress.

What is the parathyroid gland?

located behind the thyroid and regulates calcium levels in the blood.

What is PTH?

increases blood calcium levels by promoting the release of calcium from bones.

What is the thyroid gland?

endocrine gland in the neck that produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism.

What is the isthmus in the thyroid?

the narrow connecting tissue that joins the two lobes of the thyroid gland.

What are thyroid hormones?

(T3 and T4) regulate metabolism, energy generation, and overall growth and development.

What is calcitonin?

hormone secreted by the thyroid that helps lower blood calcium levels.

What is hypothyroidism?

a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones.

What is hyperthyroidism?

a condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones.

What is the hypothalamus?

brain region that connects the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

What is the pituitary gland?

known as the 'master gland' that regulates various endocrine functions.

What is the anterior pituitary gland?

releases hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, such as growth hormone and TSH.

What is the posterior pituitary gland?

The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones like oxytocin and ADH, which are produced in the hypothalamus.

What is oxytocin?

Oxytocin is a hormone involved in childbirth and milk production; it also plays a role in social bonding.

What is GH?

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans.

What is TSH?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the production of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.

What is ACTH?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

What is FSH?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the production of eggs in females and sperm in males.

What is prolactin?

Prolactin is a hormone that stimulates milk production in mammals.

What is CRH?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

What is GHRH?

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary.

What is GHIH?

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) inhibits the release of growth hormone.

What is PRH?

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) stimulates the production of prolactin.

What is PIH?

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), also known as dopamine, inhibits the release of prolactin.

What is ADH?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.

What is the HPA axis?

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates stress response and homeostasis.

What is the HPG axis?

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis regulates reproductive function and development.

What is Glutamine?

Glutamine is an amino acid that serves as a building block for proteins and plays a crucial role in nitrogen transport and metabolism.

What is GABA?

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) is a neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve transmission in the brain, helping to calm nervous activity.

What is Glycine?

Glycine is the simplest amino acid, acting as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and promoting relaxation.

What is Acetylcholine?

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in muscle activation, learning, and memory, functioning at many synapses in the nervous system.

What is dopamine?

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, reward, and motivation, playing an essential role in the brain's reward system.

What is serotonin?

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep, contributing to feelings of well-being and happiness.

What are endorphins?

Endorphins are neuropeptides that act as natural painkillers and mood enhancers, often released in response to stress or pain.

What is the reward pathway?

The reward pathway is a collection of neural structures responsible for the feelings of pleasure and reinforcement, promoting behaviors that are essential for survival.

What is alcohol?

Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that depresses the central nervous system, affecting mood, behavior, and cognitive functions.

What is cocaine?

Cocaine is a powerful stimulant drug derived from coca leaves, resulting in increased energy, euphoria, and heightened alertness.

What is ecstasy?

Ecstasy, or MDMA, is a synthetic drug that alters mood and perception, commonly associated with feelings of emotional closeness and enhanced sensory experiences.

What is heroin?

Heroin is an opioid drug made from morphine that produces intense euphoria, often leading to addiction and dangerous withdrawal symptoms.

What is LSD?

LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is a hallucinogenic drug that alters perception, mood, and various cognitive processes.

What is marijuana?

Marijuana is a psychoactive plant derived from Cannabis, primarily used for its relaxing properties and as a treatment for various medical conditions.

What is methamphetamine?

Methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system, leading to increased wakefulness and physical activity.