Psych Exam 2 GENERAL STUDYING. no txtbook q

covers chapters 8, 9, 11, and 14 of the open stax psychology textbook

memory

an information processing system like a computer. It's a set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time.

encoding

When the brain receives information from the environment, it labels and organizes it and also connects new concepts to existing concepts.

automatic processing

encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words (done without conscious awareness, like remembering WHEN you last studied)

effortful processing

encoding of details that take time and effort (what you last studies, learning new skills)

semantic encoding

encoding of words and their meanings

visual encoding

encoding of images

acoustic encoding

encoding of sounds

what is the most effective form of encoding?

semantic encoding

self-reference effect

the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to themselves than to material that has less personal relevance

baddeley & hitch model

a model of storage where short-term memory has different forms depending on the type of information received

what are the 3 short-term memory systems?

visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and phonological loop

according to the Baddeley & Hitch model, a ____  ______ supervises the flow of information between systems

central executive

A-S Model

states that storage is the creation of a permanent record of information

and that information passes through three distinct stages in order to be stored in long distance memory

sensory memory

storage of brief sensory events such as sights, sounds, and tastes.

short term memory (STM)

a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory and lasts about 20 seconds, with the cap usuall ybeing around 7 items (± 2)

memory consolidation

the transfer of STM to LTM

rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information to be remembered. one of the ways to achieve memory consolidation.

long term memory (LTM)

limitless and continuous storage of information. stores memories like a hard drive

explicit memory

memory that you are consciously aware of — things you can declare and intentionally retain (experiences, knowledge). the two types include:

• semantic memory

• episodic memory

semantic memory

facts, figures, words, and general information (like remembering the 15th president)

episodic memory

your autobiography, the experiences you’ve had / all the experiences you can recall (like your 5th birthday)

implicit memory

memory you are not consciously aware of — things that you can’t claim you have memory of (usually implied through behavior). the two types include:

• procedural memory

• emotional conditioning

procedural memory

stores information on things you do automatically (riding a bike, brushing your teeth)

emotional conditioning

part of implicit memory that includes behaviors learned through emotional conditioning. you might have a fear of spiders but not remember why.

What are the two types of explicit memory?

semantic and episodic

What are the two types of implicit memory?

procedural and emotional conditioning

retrieval

the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. (the three R’s - recall, recognition, and relearning)

recall

being able to access information without cues (used for an essay test)

recognition

being able to identify information you’ve previously learned (used for a multiple choice test)

relearning

learning information that you previously learned (taking and forgetting Spanish in high school, but having an easier time learning it the second time around.)

Karl Lashly and Engrams

studied parts of the brain involved in memory by making lesions in the brains of rats and monkeys. rats would go through a maze and lesions would be made to erase the memory

Was Karl Lashly’s engrams experiment successful?

No. the rats were still able to remember their way around the maze.