psychopathology #4

abstinence

restraint from the use of alcohol, drugs, or other addictive substances

addiction

compulsive drug-seeking behavior and a loss of control over drug use

alcohol poisoning

potentially life-threatening, toxic effects resulting from rapidly consuming alcohol or ingesting a large quality of alcohol

alcoholism

a condition in which the individual is dependent on alcohol and has difficulty controlling

anxiolytics

a class of medications that reduce anxiety

behavioral undercontrol

a personality trait associated with rebelliousness, novelty seeking, risk taking, and impulsivity

binge drinking

episodic intake of five or more alcoholic beverages for men or four or more drinks for women

controlled drinking

consuming no more than a predetermined amount of alcohol

delirium tremens

life-threatening withdrawal symptoms that can result from chronic alcohol use

depressants

a substance that causes a slowing of responses and generalized depression of the central nervous system

detoxification

the phase of alcohol or drug treatment during which the body is purged of intoxicating substances

dissociative anesthetics

a substance that produces a dreamlike detachment 

gateway drug

a substance that leads to the use of additional substances that are even more lethal

hallucinogens

a substance that induces perceptual distortions and heightens sensory awareness

heavy drinking

chronic alcohol intake of more than two drinks per day for men and more than one drink per day for women

hypnotics

a class of medications that induce sleep

hyperthermia

significantly elevated body temp

intoxication

a condition involving problem behaviors or psychological changes that occur with excessive substance use

moderate drinking

a lower risk pattern of alcohol intake (no more than one or two drinks per day)

motivational enhancement therapy

a therapeutic approach that addresses ambivalence and helps clients consider the advantages and disadvantages of changing their behavior 

opioids

a painkilling agent that depresses the central nervous system, such as heroin and prescription pain relievers

physiological dependence

a state of adaptation that occurs after chronic exposure to a substance; can result in craving and withdrawal symptoms

psychoactive substances

a substance that alters mood, thought processes, or other psychological states

relapse

a return to drug or alcohol use after a period of abstinence

sedatives

a class of drugs that have a calming or sedating effect

substance abuse

a pattern of excessive or harmful use of any substance for mood-altering purposes

substance-use disorder

a condition in which cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms contribute to the continued use of alcohol or drugs despite significant substances-related problems 

stimulants

a substance that energizes the central nervous system

synergistic effect

the result of chemicals (or substances) interacting to multiply one another’s effects

tolerance

decreases in the effects of a substance that occur after chronic use

withdrawal

the adverse physical and psychological symptoms that occur after reducing or ceasing intake of a substance 

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by low body weight, an intense fear of becoming obese and body image distortion

binge eating

rapid consumption of large quantities of food 

binge-eating disorder (BED)

an eating disorder that involves the consumption of large amounts of large amounts of food over a short period of time with accompanying feelings of loss of control and distress over the excess eating 

body mass index

an estimate of body fat calculated on the basis of a person’s height and weight

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which episodes involving rapid consumption of large quantities of food and a loss of control over eating are followed by purging, excessive exercise, or fasting in an attempt to compensate for binges

disordered eating

physically or psychologically unhealthy eating behavior such as chronic overeating or dieting

obesity

a condition involving a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30

other specified feeding or eating disorders

a seriously disturbed eating pattern that does not fully meet criteria for another eating disorder diagnosis

purge 

to rid the body of unwanted calories by means such as self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications 

alogia

lack of meaningful speech

asociality

minimal interest in social relationships

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure from previously enjoyed activities

attenuated psychosis syndrome

a condition being researched that involves distressing or disabling early signs of delusions, hallucination, or disorganized speech that emerged or became progressively worse over the previous year; reality testing remains relatively intact

antipsychotic medication

medicine developed to counteract symptoms of psychosis

atypical antipsychotics

newer antipsychotic medications that are chemically different and less likely to produce the side effects associated with first generation antipsychotics

avolition

lack of motivation; an inability to take action or become goal oriented

brief psychotic disorder 

psychotic episodes with a duration of at least 1 day but less than a month 

catatonia

a condition characterized by marked disturbance in motor activity ranging from extreme excitement to motoric immobility 

cognitive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia associated with problems with attention, memory, and developing a plan of action

delusional disorder

persistent delusion without other unusual or odd behaviors tactile and olfactory hallucinations related to the delusional theme may be present

disconfirmatory evidence 

information that contradicts a delusional belief 

diminished emotional expression

reduce display of observable verbal and nonverbal behaviors that communicate internal emotions

dopamine hypothesis

the suggestion that schizophrenia may result from excess dopamine activity at certain synaptic sites

expressed emotion (EE)

a negative communication pattern found among some relatives of individuals with schizophrenia

first-generation antipsychotics

a group of medications originally developed to combat psychotic symptoms by reducing dopamine levels in the brain; also called conventional or typical antipsychotics 

loosening of associations

continual shifting from topic to topic without any apparent logical or meaningful connection between thoughts

metabolic syndrome

a medical condition associated with obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension

negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia associated with an inability or decreased ability to initiate actions or speech, express emotions, or feel pleasure

paranoid ideation

suspiciousness about the actions or motives of others

persecutory delusions

beliefs of being targeted by others

premorbid

before the onset of major symptoms 

prefrontal lobotomy

a surgical procedure in which the frontal lobes are disconnected from the remainder of the brain

prodromal phase

early signs of illness have developed but are not sufficiently apparent for diagnosis

provisional diagnoses

an initial diagnosis based on currently available info

positive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that involve unusual thoughts or perceptions, such as delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking, or atypical behavior

restricted affect

severely diminished or limited emotional responsiveness

schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by severely impaired cognitive processes, personality disintegration, and social withdrawal

schizophrenia spectrum

a group of disorders that range in severity and that have similar clinical features, including some degree of reality distortion

schizophreniform disorder

psychotic episodes with a duration of at least 1 month but less than six months

schizoaffective disorder

a condition involving the existence of symptoms of schizophrenia and either major depressive or manic symptoms

theory of mind

the ability to recognize that others have emotions, beliefs, and desires that may be different from one’s own

Alzheimer’s disease

dementia involving memory loss and other declines in cognitive and adaptive functioning

beta-amyloid plaques

clumps of beta-amyloid proteins found in the spaces between neurons

cardiovascular 

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels 

cerebral contusion

bruising of the brain, often resulting from a blow that causes the brain to forcefully strike the skull

cerebral laceration

an open head injury in which brain tissue is torn, pierced or ruptured

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

a progressive, degenerative condition involving brain damage resulting from multiple episodes of head trauma 

circadian rhythm sleep disorder

sleep disturbance due to a disrupted sleep-wake cycle

concussion

trauma-induced changes in brian functioning, typically caused by a blow to the head

delirium

an acute state of confusion involving diminished awareness, disorientation, and impaired attentional skills

dementia

condition with symptoms involving deterioration in cognition and independent functioning

dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)

dementia involving visual hallucinations, cognitive fluctuations, and atypical movements

dyssomnias

disorders involving abnormalities in the quality, amount, or timing of sleep

frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)

dementia involving degeneration in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain causing declines in language, behavior, or motor skills

hemorrhagic strokes

a stroke involving leakage of blood into the brain

Huntington’s disease

a genetic disease characterized by involuntary twitching movements and eventual dementia

hypersomnolence (excessive sleepiness) disorder

a condition involving difficulty waking up after sleeping and excessive daytime sleepiness or prolonged unrefreshing sleep 

insomnia disorder

chronic difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep

ischemic stroke

a stroke due to reduced blood supply caused by a clot or severe narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the brain

major neurocognitive disorder

a condition involving significant decline in independent living skills and in one or more areas of cognitive functioning

medically induced coma

a deliberately induced state of deep sedation that allows the brain to rest and heal

mild neurocognitive disorder

a condition involving a modest decline in at least one major cognitive area

neurocognitive disorder

a disorder that occurs when brain dysfunction affects thinking processes, memory, consciousness, or perception

neurodegeneration

declining brain functioning due to progressive loss of brain structure, neurochemical abnormalities, or the death of neurons 

neurofibrillary tangles

twisted fibers of tau protein found inside nerve cells

nightmare disorder

a condition involving frightening dreams that produce awakening

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

a breathing-related sleep disorder involving partial or complete upper-airway obstruction

parasomnias

sleep abnormalities occurring during sleep or in the sleep-wake transition

Parkinson’s disease

a progressive disorder characterized by poorly controlled motor movements that are sometimes accompanied by cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms