Human Protozoal and Multicellular Parasites

Identify the infestation

Loose stool, abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, bloody diarrhea, and fever.

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Fecal-oral transmission.

amebiasis- Entamoeba histolytica

Itching at the site of entry, abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia, and anemia due to loss of blood at the site of attachment in the intestine

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Larvae in soil contaminated with feces from an infected person penetrate bare feet and cause infection.

intestinal hookworm- Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

Can be asymptomatic. Causes abdominal discomfort and intestinal blockage.

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Transmitted through contact with contaminated soil

round worm- Ascaris lumbricoides

Abdominal cramps and pain, dehydration, nausea, vomiting, fever, and weight loss.

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Waterborne

cryptosporidiosis- Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis

Frequent explosive watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, loss of appetite, weight loss, bloating, excessive gas, and fatigue

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fecal-oral transmission

cyclosporiasis- Cyclosporine cayetanensis

Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and vitamin B12 deficiency

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Foodborne- eating raw or undercooked infected fish

fish/broad tapeworm-Diphyllobothrium latum

Anal itching and nighttime restlessness due to anal itching

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Fecal-oral transmission

pinworm- Enterobius vermicularis

Greasy, floating stool, gas, diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, nausea, and dehydration

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fecal-oral transmission

giardiasis- Giardia intestinalis

Initially diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Followed by fever, chest pain, fatigue, and cough.

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Foodborne

lung fluke (paragonimiasis)- Paragonimus kellicotti

Acute phase- fever, fatigue, body aches, headache, and diarrhea

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Chronic phase- cardiomyopathy, heart failure, heart arrhythmia, enlarged esophagus, enlarged colon, difficulty eating or passing stool

Chagas disease- Trypanosome cruzi

Fever, chills, sweats, headache, nausea, body aches, and general malaise

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Vector-borne (mosquito)

malaria- Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae

Tingling, burning, or itching of the skin

Small, reddish pimples

Small blisters

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Transmitted through contact with larvae in water

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swimmer’s itch (cercarial dermatitis)- Austrobilharzia variglandis

Feeling that something is moving in your hair

Itching, difficulty sleeping because of louse activity, and scalp sores

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Transmitted through direct contact with the hair of infested individual

head lice (pediculosis)- Pediculus humanus capitis

Genital itching, visible nits or crawling adult lice

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Transmitted through direct contact with an infested individual (usually sexual contact)

pubic lice (phthiriasis)- Phthirus pubis

Intense itching and papular rash

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Transmitted through prolonged, direct contact with an infested individual

scabies- Sarcoptes scabiei

Bite marks on the head, neck, face, hands or other body parts occurring at night while sleeping.

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Transmitted through exposure to infested bedding or furniture

bed bugs- Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus

Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, headache, chills, coughing, eye swelling, and joint pain

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Foodborne transmission from eating raw or undercooked pork or wild animals

trichinellosis- Trichinella spiralis

Some cases have non or very mild symptoms

Symptoms include swollen lymph glands and muscle aches

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Foodborne transmission- animal-to-human

toxoplasmosis- Toxoplasma gondii

Women- itching, burning, redness, or soreness of the genitals, dysuria, and watery discharge with an unusual smell

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Men- itching or irritation inside the penis, burning after urination or ejaculation, and some penile discharge

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Transmitted through sexual contact

trichomoniasis- Trichomonas vaginalis