PE SAC 1: ENERGY SYSTEMS + FUEL AND RECOVERY + ACUTE RESPONSES

ATP PC system Characteristics

(O2, Rate, Yield, number of ATP, relied upon, peak power, fuels, by products, % HR, When it is utilized?, recovery)

• no use of O2

• fastest rate - very simple process

• lowest yield

• 0.7-1 ATP for each PC

• most relied upon 0-6s

• 2-4s = peak power

• fuel source is CP

• By products are inorganic Phosphate and creatine

• limited by CP depletion

• 95% of max HR

• Utilized in maximal intensity short duration + explosive movements - provided PC stores are avaliable

• Passive recovery is utilized - 70% in 30s and 98% in 3m

Anaerobic Glycolysis System characteristics:

(O2, Rate, Yield, number of ATP, relied upon, peak power, fuels, by products, % HR, When it is utilized?, recovery)

• no use of o2

• fast rate - due to simple process (not as simple)

• low yield

• 2-3 ATP per gluecose

• fuel is glycogen

• by products of lactate acid and H+ ions

• 85-95% of max HR

• Utilized in repeated short duration, high intensity movements, when there isnt enough time for CP to replenish + increasing intensitys at submaximal levels (800m) + working beyond maximal oxygen uptake

• Utilize an active recovery for removal of metabolic byproducts

Aerobic system characteristics

(O2, Rate, Yield, number of ATP, relied upon, peak power, fuels, by products, % HR, When it is utilized?, recovery)

• Uses o2

• slow rate (more complex process)

• High yield

• 38ATP per glucose/441 per triglycerides

• most relied upon 30+sec

• utilizes fats, glycogen (carbs) and protein (minimal)

• by products of Co2, water and heat

• 70-85% of max HR

• limitations are glycogen

• used at intensities of rest, submaximal exercise and oxygen availability

• Active recovery, to decrease venous pooling (increased blood flow) and restore glycogen stores

Aerobic system utilized in low to moderate energy contribution (cross country)

• Oxygen demand for resynthesis is equal to the oxygen supply, where the aerobic systems is the main energy supplier

• An increase in intensity = increased reliance on anaerobic glycolysis system for ATP resynthesis

• However usually followed by periods of lower exertion where O2 supply is plentiful again

• Conclusion of race, breathing rate remains elevated (EPOC), also recommended a active recovery to take place

Maximal continuous efforts of short duration

(ATP-PC - slower rate of A+A - longer = cp depletion- end = greater aerobic - if continous for longer )

• due to its rapid resynthesis, the ATP-PC has the capacity to meet the high energy demand of very high intensity activities (100m)

• due to the slower rate of the aerobic and anaerobic system, there contribution is low during max intensity efforts

• in longer maximal efforts (400m), cp stores will begin to deplete where the anaerobic system will be the primary supplier of ATP (slower rate tho)

• towards the end of these events (400m) the aerobic system will have increased its contribution to ATP resynthesis, futhur reducing intensity (slowest rate)

• if the exercise continous for longer then 60s then it would be reduced to submaximal levels as the aerobic system is the primary supplier of ATP

Sub maximal continuous efforts - o2 supply v demand

resting levels - respiratory and circular - low intensity - high intensity

• If energy demand increases above resting levels it requires greater o2 supply to working muscles as the body attempts to work aerobically

• however the respiratory + circular systems are unable to meet this immediately, so the body must use anaerobic pathways to supply, until steady state

• if performing at low intensity, then increased o2 supply will not take long to achieve and aerobic will quickly remain main supplier

• yet higher exercise intensitys = anaerboic pathways reliance become greater and greater dude to larger o2 deficit

400m Interplay

• at the beginning of the race, all 3 energy systems are contributing to ATP resynthesis.

• Initially stored ATP is utilized for the first few contractions then the ATP-PC system is most relied upon for ATP resynthesis, due to its rapid rate of supply, allowing the athlete to start at maximial intensity

• However, due to the low yield and finite capacity of CP stores the Anaerobic glycolysis system becomes the primary supplier of ATP, in order to allow the athlete to continue and finish at maximal intensity

• Yet due to this reliance, there is an acumminlation of metabolic by products - H+ ions, which does not prevent the athlete from finishing but it does result in a decrease in intensity in the final stages of the race, as does the increasing reliance on the aerobic system (slowest rate)

Netball interplay

• Characterized by repeated bouts of high intensity action with periods of moderate intensity and rest. when play starts all 3 energy systems start contributing to energy supply, but in the initial movements of high intensity, stored ATP and the ATP-pc system is utilized

• yet there is in sufficient CP to power continual maximal efforts, as explosive burst begin to contribute to depleting CP stores, reducing the ATP-pc systems contribution.

• Restoring of CP will occur at very low intensity , but until a break in play the system is unlikely to restore CP to its fullest

• At the same time the anaerobic glycolysis system increases its contribution to energy production, but more slowly due to the more complex chemical reaction (slower rate).

• Increasing high intensity will be driven by anaerobic glycolysis system as the match progress, espically for more mobile players

• The aerobic system supplies only a small proportion of energy needed in initial efforts, but contributions increase, becoming the most relied upon energy system, as it is also vital for recovery in breaks

800m Interplay

• At the beginning of the race all three energy systems, contribute to ATP resynthesis,: however at the start of the race, the athlete utilizes their ATP-PC system as the most relied upon supplier of energy, due to its fast rate in ATP production providing immediate energy to fuel an explosive start

• Yet due to its low yield and finite capacity, CP begin depleting, causing the anerobic glycolysis system to become the primary supplier of ATP, as of its higher yield

• However this system leads to the acumination of metabolic byproducts - like H+ ions, contributing to fatigue and a decrease in intensity the athlete can perform at

• Therefore as the race continues the aerobic system increases its contribution, becoming the main supplier of energy, at a higher yield, yet towards the end of the race, the athlete will likely increase their intensity once again, causing a greater contribution from the anaerobic glycolysis system, increasing build up of metabolic byproducts towards the end of the race

• Despite this the aerobic system helps delay the bodys fatigue through aiding the oxidation of metabolic byproducts supporting recovery. This interplay between the energy systems ensures a constant flow of energy .

Interplay PC recovery test

• As the phosphate recovery test begins, all three energy systems begin to contribute to ATP resynthesis

• However the ATP-PC system is the most relied upon initially due to its very fast rate of supply, using stored ATP and PC to fuel maximum efforts

• Yet this system has a low yield and finite capacity, and as stores begin to deplete following the first few reps and insufficient recovery the anaerobic glycolysis will take over as the predominate energy supplier

• It has a fast rate (not as fast as ATP-pC) but a higher yield, despite this, the process creates metabolic byproducts, like H+ ions, futher contributing to fatigue and a decline in performance across the repititions

• During the short rest between the repetitions the aerobic system works to restore CP store, however because of the short duration of these rest periods, the athlete becomes increasingly relient upon the anaerobic glycolysis system for ATP production.

• futhur reduction in intensity is shaped by the aerobic system being the primary supplier of ATP, across the duration of the event, as of its slow rate of energy supply.

Fatiguing factors: 50,200,400,800,Netball, PC

• 50: minimal factors, Inorganic phosphate + Cp depletion depending on Duration

• 200: CP depletion, Build up of metabolic byproducts (which increases aciditiy in the muscles inhibiting glycogenic enzymes - slowing the rate)

• 400: CP depletion, build up of metabolic byproducts, increased reliance on the aerobic system (slower rate)

• 800: heavy reliance on aerobic system (slow rate), Cp depletion, metabolic byproduct buildup, thermoregulation fatigue (increasing core body temp, increasing plasma lost… increasing aerobic reliance), LIP point as H+ ions accuminlation is quicker then they can be cleared

• Netball: metabolic byproduct build up, Cp depletion, thermoregulation fatigue, glycogen depletion

• PC recovery test: PC depletion - causing a build up of metabolic by products, thermoregulatory fatigue (aerobic contribution and heat build up in muscle)

Recovery 50,200,400,800

• 50: passive recovery in order to replenish CP stores (no movement is the quickest way - 70% in 30s and 98% in 3m)

• 200: Light Active: Event taps into the anerobic glycolysis system, leading to build up of metabolic byproducts, in which active = prevents blood from pooling through increased blood flow and high oxygen uptake which oxidize metabolic byproducts

• 400: Anaerobic reliance = production of H+ ions in which an active recovery prevents blood from pooling through increased blood flow and high oxygen uptake which oxidize metabolic byproducts

• 800: As the aerobic system is the most significantly relied upon, with contributions from all 3, an active helps prevents blood from pooling through increased blood flow and high oxygen uptake which oxidize metabolic byproducts, while restoring glycogen stores

Recovery: netball + PC test

• Netball: passive/very light active during rest breaks in play in order to replenish CP stores while still keeping increased blood flow and breathing rate to oxidate metabolic byproducts

• Following play an active recovery as it prevents blood from pooling through increased blood flow and high oxygen uptake which oxidize metabolic byproducts. Following this the athlete should do some passive stretching to replenish substrate stores and support muscle repair

• PC recovery test: During - between sprints to max CP replenishment should be passive recovery

• POST - due to the aerobic systems large contributor an active recovery should be utilized prevents blood from pooling through increased blood flow and high oxygen uptake which oxidize metabolic byproducts

Fuels: 50,200,400,800,

• 50: CP due to very fast energy release

• 200: CP initially, however deplete quickly, so glycogen is most relied upon (moderate yield and fast rate) which is a simple process as from anaerobic glycolysis system

• 400: CP initially, however finite capacity, despite quick rate, however glycogen is dominate fuel due to reliance on anerobic and aerobic reliance

• 800: CP short initial use, provide quick rate of supply, however finite capacity, glycogen is then used as primary fuel as aerobic + anaerobic takeover.

Fuels - Netball + PC recovery

• Netball: CP used for max intensity, short durationn

• Carbs primary fuel throughout due to reliance on aerobic and anaerobic systems

• Fats contribute in low intensity phases

• PC recovery: - cp heavy contributor intially due to simple process, however finite capacity increasing reliance on aerobic and anaerobic systems therefore glycogen most relied upon