AICE European History Midterm

golden age

period of peace and advancements in a society

gravitas

roman term; means strength and honor

creation

belief that the whole world was created by god(s)

evolution

everything has evolved ( simple to complex )

renaissance

rebirth of culture, knowledge.

cultural diffusion

spreading of a culture through interactions such as trade

5 characteristic of civilization

cities, technology, institutions, records, specialists

paleolithic

old stone age

- reincarnation

start a new life after death

William I

first norman king of england in 1066. people from his line rule today.

arete

greek term; virtue, excellence, discipline

culture

the way you live your life

neolithic revolution

new stone age. advancements in agriculture, domestication

aksum

trade empire. east africa. ethiopia. connects europe and middle east

zimbabwe

southern africa. big wall around city. trade empire.

cultivation

planning, growing and maintenance of crops

irrigation

bringing water in artificially

bureaucracy

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives

calendar

a way to plan out time

domestication

the training of animals

astrology

the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world

astronomy

the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole.

starch crops

lots of nutrition : wheat, maize, sweet potato, cassava

agricultural revolution

period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity in europe

trade from India

fabrics, spices and semi-precious stones, dyes, and ivory

trade from China

porcelain, gunpowder, chinese paper, bronze, silk, tea, rice

migration

movement from one region to another

export

send goods to another country

import

receive goods from other countries

artifact

any object made by human skill

artisan

a worker in a skilled trade

civil war

war between citizens of the same country

bureaucrats

do what is right, can disregard people's rights. a government official.

parthenon

temple to Athena

pantheon

roman church

colosseum

largest ampitheater. holds 50,000 people

forum

center of the city

circus maximus

250,000 stadium used for chariot racing

aqueduct

carries water into city

bath

public bathing

cistern

tank for storing water

fountain

carries water throughout city

magna carta

english document that limits kings powers. basis of democracy

parliament

council for the king of england. today it rules england

gupta

indian golden age

caste system

rigid class system in india

reformation

schism in western christianity

protestant

follower of the second largest type of christianity

animism

belief gods inhabit nature ( included in lightning, rain, etc.)

polytheism

belief in many gods

monotheism

belief in one single god

atheism

disbelief in the existence of a god or gods

agnostic

existence of any gods in unknowable

hinduism

morality holds up the universe. dharma is universal law.

- karma

a person's actions in one life affect their next lives

buddhism

based on teaching of the Buddha. reach enlightenment ( nirvana ) by using the eightfold path

- nirvana

a state of complete enlightenment

jainism

become a perfect soul. non-violent. extremely peaceful.

christianity

Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ

city-state

city that acts like a country, have their own laws and government (greek)

monarchy

ruled by a king or queen

dynasty

rule passed down within a family (typically from father to son)

empire

rule over other countries as well as your own. conquer other lands

oligarchy

rule of a small group ( typically rich or military generals )

theocracy

rule by god or gods representatives

dictatorship

one person who rules with no outside influence

democracy

people rule through voting

- direct

everyone votes for every issue themselves

- indirect / republic

vote for representatives to make decisions

socrates

learn from seeking and asking questions. evidence brings goodness

plato

seeking the best forms of government. the academy. the world of the FORMS

aristotle

study everything logically and in moderation

confucius

values politeness, respect, morals, peace. status, age, gender ( 3 levels ) 5 relations ( ruler to subject, parent to child, husband to wife, older to younger brother, golden rule

daoism

ying yang. live in harmony with nature ( be like water )

taoism

three jewels ( compassion, moderation, humanity )

legalism

people are selfish. literacy is discouraged. law is supreme authority. punishment is strong. war strengthens rulers power

Hammurabi

king of babylon. created the 1st set of written laws ( 282. law code )

Buddha

founded buddhism. path to enlightenment & reach nirvana

Jesus

founder of christianity

Muhhamad

founder of islam. preached teachings of Adam, Moses, Abraham, Jesus, among others.

Alexander the Great

greek leader who conquers most of the "known world". centralized capital at Babylon. many trade networks. reorganize and build new cities. cultural diffusion ( create new race of macedonians and persians )

Julius Caesar

member of the 1st triumvirate. dictator of rome. reforms include (but are not limited to) : pension for soldiers, welfare to the poor, building projects, provinces, expansion of empire, julian calendar, defeat Gaul ( germans).

Augustus Caesar

founder of first roman principate. first "emporer"

Diocletian

divides empire into two halves ( eastern and western ). 2 emperors for each half of the empire.

Constantine

converted to and spread christianity. stopped persecution of christians. council of nicea. helps establish roman catholic church.

Theodosius

last emperor to control both sides of the roman empire. makes christianity the official language of the roman empire

Justinian

becomes emperor of the eastern roman empire. reestablishes parts of the roman empire. riots break out. theodora makes him stay. builds hagia sophia. makes a law code

Genghis Khan

unifies mongol tribes

Charlemagne

"charles the magnificent". crowned emperor of rome.

Charles Martel

"the hammer" defeats muslims

Pepin

defeats lombards and gives some land to the pope ( The Papal States ). 120 acres to vatican. pope crowns king by "the grace of god"

Clovis

Frankish king that supports and converts to christianity

Saladin

led the Muslim military campaign during crusades. recaptures jerusalem.

Joan of arc

french hero who leads french to victory over the english. lady liberty.

Vladimir

converts to orthodox christianity. saint ciril. alphabet.

Yaroslav

promotes orthodox. builds St. Sophia ( center of russian orthodox )

Ivan I

ruler of moscow

Ivan IV

"the great". consolidation of Muscovite rule

Ivan III

"the terrible". centrally controlled government. secret police.

Peter

cultural revolution. modern, scientific, westernized.