☀️🌡️Heat & Energy - #4

the process by which heat is captured or retained by a substance

absorption

the process by which arriving radiation is redirected back in the direction from which it came

reflection

the process by which radiation travels through space with no change to its intensity, direction, or wavelength

transmission

Albedo

the percentage of incident (incoming) radiation that is reflected

specific heat

the amount of energy needed to raise 1g of a substance by 1C

more, less

If something has a higher albedo, it reflects [MORE/LESS] radiation and thus absorbs [MORE/LESS] radiation.

less, more

If something has a lower albedo, it reflects [MORE/LESS] radiation and thus absorbs [MORE/LESS] radiation

inversely proportional, decreases

the relationship between reflection and absorption is [TERM TERM]. That means as reflection increases, absorption [INCREASES/DECREASES]

Higher albedo, less

lower sun angles cause a substance to have [TERM albedo], which means they absorb [MORE/LESS] heat.

lower albedo, more

higher sun angles cause a substance to have [TERM albedo], which means it absorbs [MORE/LESS] heat.

A = (reflected radiation/incident radiation) x 100

write the albedo equation

30%

in the global energy budget, the earth’s surface generally reflects [#%] of incoming solar radiation, giving it an albedo of [#%].

W/m²

Write the unit for radiation

slower, higher

A higher specific heat translates to a [slower/faster] rise in temperature, because it takes a [lower/higher] amount of energy to raise its temperature than a substance with a lower specific heat.

faster, lower

A lower specific heat translates to a [slower/faster] rise in temperature, because it takes a [lower/higher] amount of energy to raise its temperature than a substance with a higher specific heat.

albedo, solar angle, surface slope, cloud cover

Solar radiation absorbed by a substance depends on [TERM], [TERM TERM], [TERM TERM], and [TERM TERM]

specific heat

The rise in surface temperature depends on the [TERM TERM] of the surface.

Conduction

Heat transfers by CONTACT & MOLECULAR MOTION (directly from molecule-to-molecule) from warm objects (high-energy) to cold objects (low energy). Larger temperature difference → more rapid heat transfer.

Does not

Still air [DOES/DOES NOT] conduct air well.

Convection

Heat energy transferred through vertical mass movement of a fluid (liquid or gas).

thermals, rise, fall

In convection, warm, less dense fluids— called [TERMS] — [TERM] while cooler, less dense fluids [TERM]

radiation

type of heat transfer through EM waves by emission, absorption, reflection, scattering, and transmission.

conductive

Thunderstorm cells are [TERM] because they rely on strong thermals (hot, rising air) and moist air.

Thermals, convection

[TERMS] form because air is heated by contact with the surface (conduction). A hot, less dense parcel of air near the ground rises and generates turbulent motion. Atmospheric [TERM] is much more efficient at spreading heat over long distances.

0, radiation

All objects with a temperature greater than [#]K emit [TERM].

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Describes the relationship between an object’s temperature and the radiation it emits by the power of 4. In short, a slight change in temperature leads to a large increase in emitted energy.

E=(5.67×10^-8 W/m²K^4) x T^4

Write the Stefan-Boltzmann Law. Include the constant.

EDIT: WIEN’S LAW

EDIT: Describes the relationship between radiation and maximum wavelength (the wavelength where an object emits the largest amount of radiation).

visible

The sun’s radiation peaks in [TERM] wavelengths.

infrared

Earth’s radiation peaks in [TERM] wavelengths.

Blackbody

This type of material is a perfect absorber, absorbing all incident radiation, and a perfect emitter, emitting the maximum radiation possible at a given temperature

is not, selectively, all

The atmosphere [IS/IS NOT] a blackbody because it [TERM] absorbs long-wave radiation (LWR). Blackbodies absorb [TERM] incident radiation.

Kirchoff’s law

States that any object that selectively absorbs radiation at a particular wavelength tends to re-emit radiation at that same wavelength. Good absorber= good emitter.

Mass, velocity squared

Kinetic energy is directly proportional to [TERM] and [TERM squared]

Kinetic Energy = one-half mass x velocity squared

Write the equation for kinetic energy, in words: {Kinetic Energy= [TERM] [TERM] x [TERM] [TERM]}

Motion

Kinetic energy is the energy of [TERM]

Height, mass

Potential energy/gravitational potential energy is directly proportional to [TERM] and [TERM]

potential energy = mass x acceleration due to gravity x height

Fill in the values in the equation for potential energy, in words : { Potential energy= [TERM] x [TERM] x [TERM] }

KE=1/2mv²

write the full equation for kinetic energy (numbers & abbreviations)

PE=m x g x h

write the equation of potential energy/gravitational potential energy (numbers & abbreviations)

9.8m/s²

what is the value of acceleration due to gravity (numerical, with correct units)

gravitational potential energy

energy of gravity/ non-kinetic energy that increases with mass and height is called

Temperature

Internal kinetic energy, or IKE, is a designation for the rate of movement of molecules in a volume, which is another word for the common and highly important meteorological phenomenon [TERM].

Latent energy

The energy required or released in phase transitions is called

radiant energy

A more technical term for energy from the sun’s warmth is [TERM energy].

Temperature, increase, decrease

[TERM] is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of air molecules in a volume. It will [INCREASE/DECREASE] if the mean molecular KE increases and [INCREASE/DECREASE] if the mean molecular KE decreases.

slowly, closer together

Molecules in cold air move [QUICKLY/SLOWLY] and are [CLOSER TOGETHER/FARTHER APART].

quickly, farther apart

Molecules in warm/hot air move [QUICKLY/SLOWLY] and are [CLOSER TOGETHER/FARTHER APART]

potential energy, kinetic energy

Atmospheric instability leading into updrafts and strong wind is an example of [TERM energy] becoming [TERM energy] in a thunderstorm.

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only change between different forms

Heat

Energy in the process of transferring from one object to another because of a temperature difference is called…

Heat capacity

the ratio of the amount of heat energy absorbed to temperature rise. e.g: if it takes 10 cal to raise water glass’ temperature by 2C, the [TERM] is 5cal/degree C.

specific heat

the heat capacity of a substance per unit mass, or the energy (typically in J) required to heat 1g of a substance by 1C

wind

differences in surface heating create this common meteorological phenomenon

Q=cmΔT

write the heat equation (# & symbols)

Heat = specific heat x mass x change in temperature

write the heat equation (words, use x for multiplication)

Latent heat

energy required to facilitate a state change (e.g: liquid to solid) at a constant temperature

Evaporation, required

A change of state from Liquid → Vapor is called [TERM]

Is energy [REQUIRED] or [RELEASED] with this change?

Melting, required

Solid→ Liquid state change is called [TERM]

Is energy [REQUIRED] or [RELEASED] with this change?

Sublimation, required

solid→ Vapor state change is called [TERM]

Is energy [REQUIRED] or [RELEASED] with this change?

Condensation, released

A state change from vapor → liquid is called [TERM]

Is energy [REQUIRED] or [RELEASED] with this change?

Freezing, released

A state change from liquid → solid is called [TERM]

Is energy [REQUIRED] or [RELEASED] with this change?

Deposition, released

A state change from vapor→ solid is called [TERM]

Is energy [REQUIRED] or [RELEASED] with this change?

State, temperature, 5.4x, 0, 100

[TERM] changes take more heat energy than [TERM] changes. It takes [#.#x] more heat energy to transform 1kg of water to vapor than it does to heat it from [#]C-[###]C.