BIO 126 Anatomy & Physiology I Lab Practical Midterm Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering laboratory content for Chapters 1 through 8, including anatomical terms, cell biology, histology, the integumentary system, bone tissue, the skeletal system, and joints.

Standard anatomical position

Upright, facing forward, arms down to either side, palms facing out.

Superior (cranial)

Directional term meaning toward the head.

Inferior (caudal)

Directional term meaning toward the tail.

Medial

Directional term meaning closer to the midline of the body.

Proximal

Directional term meaning closer to the point of origin.

Distal

Directional term meaning further from the point of origin.

Midsagittal Plane (MSP)

Divides the body into equal left and right sections.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides the body into front and back sections.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

Cranial cavity

Located within the skull; protects the brain.

Thoracic cavity

The upper ventral body cavity.

Integumentary system

Includes hair, skin, and nails; protects the body from the external environment.

Skeletal system

Consists of bones and joints; supports the body, protects organs, and provide leverage for movement.

Lymphatic system

Returns excess fluid to the cardiovascular system and provides immunity.

Urinary system

Removes metabolic wastes from blood and stimulates blood cell production.

Proton

Positively charged particle located in the central core of an atom.

Atomic number

The number of protons in an atomic nucleus; defines every element.

Ionic bonds

Formed when electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom, resulting in ions.

Covalent bonds

The strongest bond type where $2$ or more nonmetals share electrons.

Acid

A hydrogen ion or proton donor; increases the number of hydrogen ions in water.

pH Scale

Ranges from $0-14$; values $<7$ are acidic, $7$ is neutral, and $>7$ are alkaline/basic.

Carbohydrates

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; function primarily as fuel.

ATP

The main source of chemical energy in the body.

Phospholipid bilayer

An amphiphilic barrier between the ECF and cytosol with hydrophilic polar heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

Osmosis

Process where solvent molecules move from low to high concentrations through a selectively permeable membrane.

Sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump)

Primary active transport that moves $3Na^+$ out of the cell and $2K^+$ into the cell for every $ATP$ hydrolyzed.

Nucleolus

Located inside the nucleus; synthesizes ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes.

Ribosomes

Tiny, granular nonmembrane-bound organelles that serve as the site of protein synthesis.

Golgi apparatus

Located between the rough ER and plasma membrane; packages products for export.

Mitochondria

The power plant of the cell; provides the majority of $ATP$.

Metaphase

Mitotic stage where spindle fibers pull sister chromatids into line along the middle (equator) of the cell.

Telophase

Mitotic stage where the nuclear envelope reassembles, nucleoli reappear, and chromosomes uncoil into chromatin.

Connective tissue

Most abundant primary tissue type; functions to bind, support, insulate, and transport.

Simple squamous epithelium

A single layer of flattened, scale-like cells.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Cells of varying heights that appear multi-layered; contains cilia to move mucus.

Hyaline cartilage

Supporting connective tissue that provides a resilient cushion and resists compressive stress.

Skeletal muscle

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with striations; under voluntary control.

Cardiac muscle

Branching, striated, uninucleate cells that connect at intercalated discs; under involuntary control.

Epidermis

Superficial layer of the skin consisting of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Stratum basale

Single layer of stem cells closest to the dermal blood supply; responsible for Vitamin D synthesis.

Stratum lucidum

A narrow layer of clear, dead keratinocytes found only on the palms and soles.

Melanocytes

Skin cells that produce melanin for UV protection.

Sebaceous gland

Oil gland that secretes sebum via holocrine secretion; absent on palms and soles.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells responsible for building bone.

Osteoclasts

Bone-resorbing cells responsible for breaking down bone.

Osteon

The basic structural unit of compact bone.

Diaphysis

The shaft portion of a long bone.

Endochondral ossification

Process where bone forms via a hyaline cartilage model; produces most bones in the body.

Mandible

The largest and strongest facial bone; the only freely movable bone of the skull.

Foramen magnum

Giant hole in the occipital bone that allows the brain to connect to the spinal cord.

Atlas (C1)

Cervical vertebra with no body or spinous process; supports the skull and allows 'yes' motion.

Axis (C2)

Cervical vertebra containing the dens; acts as a pivot for 'no' motion.

True ribs

Ribs $1-7$; attach directly to the sternum via individual costal cartilages.

Synarthrosis

Functional classification of a joint where no movement occurs between articulating bones.

Synovial fluid

Thick liquid within a joint cavity that aids in lubrication, transportation, and shock absorption.

Ligament

Strand of dense regular collagenous connective tissue that links one bone to another.

Ball-and-socket joint

Multiaxial articulation providing a wide range of motion around all three axes (e.g., shoulder).

Abduction

Motion of a body part away from the midline or another reference point.

Adduction

Motion of a body part towards the midline or another reference point.

Circumduction

Cone-shaped motion of a distal bone on a fixed proximal bone; combines flexion-extension and abduction-adduction.