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Thermodynamic Equilibrium
System properties remain unchanged over time
Equilibrium States
States determined by intrinsic factors, time-independent
Energy Content
Internal energy (U) excluding KE and PE of the system
Fundamental Relation
Entropy S as a function of U, V, Nr
Extremum Principle
Values maximizing entropy over constrained equilibrium states
State Variables
Variables like U, V that describe system properties
Metastable States
Relatively higher energy stable states
State Functions
Functions determined by state variables
Closed System
System with fixed U, V, N, no exchange with surroundings
Composite System
Formed from multiple subsystems, described by r+2 data
Simple Systems
Homogeneous, isotropic, uncharged systems
Equilibrium State
State where system properties are independent of external factors
Composite Systems
Systems with multiple equilibrium states characterized by unique values
Postulate I
States equilibrium states have unique values for energy, volume, and particles
Reference State
State where system energy is zero
Postulate III
Entropy increases with energy, vanishes at zero temperature
Fundamental Equations
Equations containing all thermodynamic information about a system
Monotonically Increasing
Property where entropy increases with energy
Additive Property of Entropy
Entropy of composite system is sum of entropies of subsystems
Intensive Variables
Variables independent of system size (e.g., pressure)
Extensive Variables
Variables dependent on system size (e.g., volume)
Conjugate Force
Force corresponding to a particular displacement
Molar Properties
Properties per mole of substance
First-Order Homogeneous Function
Function where variables scale linearly
Empirical Observations
Measurements used to determine system properties
